Music Study Guide Essay

Music is an art based on the organization of get goings in term. Also the universal language of man or any(prenominal)thing who knows Pitch is the sexual congress highness or lowness that we hear in a soundTone is a sound that has a definite pitch breakup is the outdistance in a pitch between any cardinal touch sensationsTones argon separated by an interval c altogethered the octaveTones grow a specific frequency in medicinal drugPitch range is the distance between the lowest and highest tones that a voice or pawn gage produceRange of an untrained voice is between 1 and 2 octavesDynamics ar degrees of loudness or bonkersness in practice of medicineLoudness is related to the amplitude of the vibration that produces the soundAccent is an speech pattern of a noteInstrument may be defined as any mechanism that produces musical soundRegister is the part of the tonic range of an instrument or voicePizzicato- plucked disembowel picture stop- 2 notes at onceVibrato- rocki ng the left hand while pressure level down with the other.Throbbing expressive tone that ca occasions small pitch fluctuations that withstand the tone warmer Mute- a clamp that veils or muffles that toneTremolo- apace repeats tones by quick up-and-down strokes of the bow Harmonics- Very high pitched tones are produced when the musician lightly touches certain points on a string Woodwinds have little holes a long their length that are opened and closed by the fingers or pads controlled by a key mechanism Flutes and piccolos are contend by blowing across the edge of a mouth hole Recorders are played by blowing through a whistle mouthpiece Single-reed woodwinds are played by fastening a reed over a hole in the mouthpiece that vibrates when the player blows over it (ex- clarinet, bass clarinet, saxophone)Double-reed woodwinds use two narrow pieces of cane that are held between the musicians lips (ex- English horn, contrabassoon, bassoon) Bass instruments are played by the musician b lowing into a cup- or funnel-shaped mouthpiece (vibrations of bass instruments come from their lips) Pitch of brass instrument is regulated by varying lip tension and by apply slides and valvesMutes alter the tone color of bass instrumentsWhen a piano players finger strikes a key, a felt-covered hammer swings up against a string (greater the force on the key, much powerful the hammers blow, louder the tone produced) Damper comes down on the string to stop the vibrations when the pianist lets go of the key Damper bike is the most authoritative pedal, allows a pianist to sustain tonesUna corda pedal, on the left, veils the soundSostenuto pedal, in the middle, allows the pianist to sustain some tones without sustaining others Harpsichord has strings that are plucked. Controlled by one or two keyboards. Pipe organ has galore(postnominal) sets of pipes controlled by several keyboards, including a pedal keyboard played the organists feet Tape studio was the main tool of composers of electronic music during the 1950s Synthesizers are systems of electronic components that generate, modify, and control soundanalogue Synthesis is based on representing data in terms of mensural physical quantities Digital frequency modulation synthesis is based on representing physical quantities as numbers Sampling involves placing brief digital recordings of comprise sounds under the control of a synthesizer keyboard Instrument Digital interface (MIDI) is a standard adopted by manufacturers for interfacing synthesizer equipment Consonance is a tone faction that is stable. They are points of arrival, rest, and resolution. racquet is a tone combination that is unstable. Its tension demands an onward motion to a stable chord Dissonance has its resolution when it moves to a consonanceThe Middle AgesThe Middle Ages spanned from 450-1450Most of the essence(p) musicians were priests church service officials required monks to sing with proper pronunciation, concentration, and tone q uality Church frowned upon instruments because of their earlier role in pagan rites Gregorian chant is a melody set to sacred Latin texts and sung w/o accompaniment Gregorian chant is monophonic in texture, its cycles/second is flexible, w/o met.er, and has little sense of beat. The melodies tended to move by step in spite of appearance a narrow range of pitches. Used church modes as a scale.The RenaissanceThe Renaissance spanned from 1450-1600The Renaissance mass is a polyphonic chorale composition made up of the Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei fancy churrigueresco era spanned from 1600-1750Baroque era utilize violins a lot. Organ and harpsichord where the main keyboard instruments Baroque suite is a set of dance-inspired strawmans. It is made up of movements that are all written in the same key but differ in tempo, meter, and character. Usually in A A B B French overture is a common Baroque suite opening.Short upshotMiddle Ages (450-1450)Renaissance (1450-1600)Baroqu e (1600-1750)Classical (1750-1820)Romantic (1820-1900)Contemporary (1900-now)3 Composers per plosiveMiddle Ages- Hildegard of Bingen, Perotin, Francesco Landini Renaissance- Josquin Desprez, Thomas Morley, Giovanni Gabrieli Baroque- Johann Sebastian bach, George Fredric Handel, Henry Purcell Italian dynamic markingsPianissimoppvery softPiano psoftMezzo Pianompmoderately softMezzo fortemfmoderately loudFortefloudFortissimoffvery loudOrchestras check over string, woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments. Symphonic bands contain brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments. Duple Meter- stair has two beatsTriple Meter- measure has 3 beatsQuadruple Meter- measure has 4 beatsGregorian chant is monophonic in texture, its rhythm is flexible, w/o met.er, and has little sense of beat. The melodies tended to move by step within a narrow range of pitches. Used church modes as a scale. Polychoral Motet- motet for two or more(prenominal) choirs, often including groups of instruments Brande nburg Concerto none5 in D Major (1721), by Johann Sebastian live. Ritornello form, duple meter. Used a string orchestra and a group of soloists consisting of a flute, violin, and a harpsichord. EssaysCompare and contrast two periods of music that weve learned Middle Ages and RenaissanceCompare Musicians worked in churches. The church remained an important patron of music. Vocal music was more important the instrumental music. some(prenominal) had sacred music(Gregorian chant, Renaissance mass). Both used church modes as their raw material scale of music. The cantus firmus (Melody used as the basis of a polyphonic choral) was used in both periods. Contrast Musical activity gradually shifted to the courts in the Ren. Musicians had higher statuses in the Ren. Ren music sounds fuller than MA music.Bass recital was used for the first time in the Ren, expanding the pitch range to more than 4 octaves. Invention of the printing press widened the circulation of music, and the number of composers and performers increased in the Ren. Ren music was more about men rather than God. Instruments were used more often in the Ren. Composers were no longer content to remain cabalistic in the Ren they wanted fame and recognition for their works.Bachs contributions to the Baroque periodBach was the mack daddy of Baroque music. His works show an amaze mastery of harmony and counterpoint, and they are used as models by music students today. With his set of six Brandenburg Concertos, Bach brought immortality to a German aristocrat, the margrave of Brandenburg. In Concerto No.5, Bach uses a string orchestra and a group of soloists consisting of a flute, violin, and harpsichord. This was the first time a harpsichord was given a solo in a concerto grosso. The harpsichords solo at the end of the first movement is spectacular. His audience marveled at this brilliant harpsichord solo within a concerto grosso, and audiences today are still blown away by it.Bach wrote fugues that were the peak among works in the form. In his collections of preludes and fugues, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Back explored with unprecedented thoroughness systems of correct instruments that enabled a composer to write in all 24 keys, even keys with many sharps and flats. Bach also composed what is in all likelihood the most monumental fit of the Roman Catholic mass (Mass in B Minor). It was too long to be performed in a mass, so Bach was just probably being a show-off. Bach wrote about 295 church cantatas. Cantata No. 140 is his most famous.