Music Study Guide Essay

Music is an art based on the organization of get goings in term. Also the universal language of man or any(prenominal)thing who knows Pitch is the sexual congress highness or lowness that we hear in a soundTone is a sound that has a definite pitch breakup is the outdistance in a pitch between any cardinal touch sensationsTones argon separated by an interval c altogethered the octaveTones grow a specific frequency in medicinal drugPitch range is the distance between the lowest and highest tones that a voice or pawn gage produceRange of an untrained voice is between 1 and 2 octavesDynamics ar degrees of loudness or bonkersness in practice of medicineLoudness is related to the amplitude of the vibration that produces the soundAccent is an speech pattern of a noteInstrument may be defined as any mechanism that produces musical soundRegister is the part of the tonic range of an instrument or voicePizzicato- plucked disembowel picture stop- 2 notes at onceVibrato- rocki ng the left hand while pressure level down with the other.Throbbing expressive tone that ca occasions small pitch fluctuations that withstand the tone warmer Mute- a clamp that veils or muffles that toneTremolo- apace repeats tones by quick up-and-down strokes of the bow Harmonics- Very high pitched tones are produced when the musician lightly touches certain points on a string Woodwinds have little holes a long their length that are opened and closed by the fingers or pads controlled by a key mechanism Flutes and piccolos are contend by blowing across the edge of a mouth hole Recorders are played by blowing through a whistle mouthpiece Single-reed woodwinds are played by fastening a reed over a hole in the mouthpiece that vibrates when the player blows over it (ex- clarinet, bass clarinet, saxophone)Double-reed woodwinds use two narrow pieces of cane that are held between the musicians lips (ex- English horn, contrabassoon, bassoon) Bass instruments are played by the musician b lowing into a cup- or funnel-shaped mouthpiece (vibrations of bass instruments come from their lips) Pitch of brass instrument is regulated by varying lip tension and by apply slides and valvesMutes alter the tone color of bass instrumentsWhen a piano players finger strikes a key, a felt-covered hammer swings up against a string (greater the force on the key, much powerful the hammers blow, louder the tone produced) Damper comes down on the string to stop the vibrations when the pianist lets go of the key Damper bike is the most authoritative pedal, allows a pianist to sustain tonesUna corda pedal, on the left, veils the soundSostenuto pedal, in the middle, allows the pianist to sustain some tones without sustaining others Harpsichord has strings that are plucked. Controlled by one or two keyboards. Pipe organ has galore(postnominal) sets of pipes controlled by several keyboards, including a pedal keyboard played the organists feet Tape studio was the main tool of composers of electronic music during the 1950s Synthesizers are systems of electronic components that generate, modify, and control soundanalogue Synthesis is based on representing data in terms of mensural physical quantities Digital frequency modulation synthesis is based on representing physical quantities as numbers Sampling involves placing brief digital recordings of comprise sounds under the control of a synthesizer keyboard Instrument Digital interface (MIDI) is a standard adopted by manufacturers for interfacing synthesizer equipment Consonance is a tone faction that is stable. They are points of arrival, rest, and resolution. racquet is a tone combination that is unstable. Its tension demands an onward motion to a stable chord Dissonance has its resolution when it moves to a consonanceThe Middle AgesThe Middle Ages spanned from 450-1450Most of the essence(p) musicians were priests church service officials required monks to sing with proper pronunciation, concentration, and tone q uality Church frowned upon instruments because of their earlier role in pagan rites Gregorian chant is a melody set to sacred Latin texts and sung w/o accompaniment Gregorian chant is monophonic in texture, its cycles/second is flexible, w/o met.er, and has little sense of beat. The melodies tended to move by step in spite of appearance a narrow range of pitches. Used church modes as a scale.The RenaissanceThe Renaissance spanned from 1450-1600The Renaissance mass is a polyphonic chorale composition made up of the Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei fancy churrigueresco era spanned from 1600-1750Baroque era utilize violins a lot. Organ and harpsichord where the main keyboard instruments Baroque suite is a set of dance-inspired strawmans. It is made up of movements that are all written in the same key but differ in tempo, meter, and character. Usually in A A B B French overture is a common Baroque suite opening.Short upshotMiddle Ages (450-1450)Renaissance (1450-1600)Baroqu e (1600-1750)Classical (1750-1820)Romantic (1820-1900)Contemporary (1900-now)3 Composers per plosiveMiddle Ages- Hildegard of Bingen, Perotin, Francesco Landini Renaissance- Josquin Desprez, Thomas Morley, Giovanni Gabrieli Baroque- Johann Sebastian bach, George Fredric Handel, Henry Purcell Italian dynamic markingsPianissimoppvery softPiano psoftMezzo Pianompmoderately softMezzo fortemfmoderately loudFortefloudFortissimoffvery loudOrchestras check over string, woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments. Symphonic bands contain brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments. Duple Meter- stair has two beatsTriple Meter- measure has 3 beatsQuadruple Meter- measure has 4 beatsGregorian chant is monophonic in texture, its rhythm is flexible, w/o met.er, and has little sense of beat. The melodies tended to move by step within a narrow range of pitches. Used church modes as a scale. Polychoral Motet- motet for two or more(prenominal) choirs, often including groups of instruments Brande nburg Concerto none5 in D Major (1721), by Johann Sebastian live. Ritornello form, duple meter. Used a string orchestra and a group of soloists consisting of a flute, violin, and a harpsichord. EssaysCompare and contrast two periods of music that weve learned Middle Ages and RenaissanceCompare Musicians worked in churches. The church remained an important patron of music. Vocal music was more important the instrumental music. some(prenominal) had sacred music(Gregorian chant, Renaissance mass). Both used church modes as their raw material scale of music. The cantus firmus (Melody used as the basis of a polyphonic choral) was used in both periods. Contrast Musical activity gradually shifted to the courts in the Ren. Musicians had higher statuses in the Ren. Ren music sounds fuller than MA music.Bass recital was used for the first time in the Ren, expanding the pitch range to more than 4 octaves. Invention of the printing press widened the circulation of music, and the number of composers and performers increased in the Ren. Ren music was more about men rather than God. Instruments were used more often in the Ren. Composers were no longer content to remain cabalistic in the Ren they wanted fame and recognition for their works.Bachs contributions to the Baroque periodBach was the mack daddy of Baroque music. His works show an amaze mastery of harmony and counterpoint, and they are used as models by music students today. With his set of six Brandenburg Concertos, Bach brought immortality to a German aristocrat, the margrave of Brandenburg. In Concerto No.5, Bach uses a string orchestra and a group of soloists consisting of a flute, violin, and harpsichord. This was the first time a harpsichord was given a solo in a concerto grosso. The harpsichords solo at the end of the first movement is spectacular. His audience marveled at this brilliant harpsichord solo within a concerto grosso, and audiences today are still blown away by it.Bach wrote fugues that were the peak among works in the form. In his collections of preludes and fugues, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Back explored with unprecedented thoroughness systems of correct instruments that enabled a composer to write in all 24 keys, even keys with many sharps and flats. Bach also composed what is in all likelihood the most monumental fit of the Roman Catholic mass (Mass in B Minor). It was too long to be performed in a mass, so Bach was just probably being a show-off. Bach wrote about 295 church cantatas. Cantata No. 140 is his most famous.

Race and Prejudice Essay

I think it affects everyone, even if it occurs at a subconscious level. I will be the first to admit that I am wrong I judge people daily by how they dress, talk, and look. disadvantage has a heavy psychological impact on the ones to whom it is tell at it shows the ignorance of the soul displaying the prepossess and yes, I believe prejudice throw out be lessened, but I it will never be eliminated. in that location is no reason for us to judge people based on their looks, they didnt get to choose to whom they were born. Yet so many quantify I find myself doing this, everyone does, even if they dont admit it. Prejudice fire have a wide range of implications on the person to whom it is directed at. I believe that lots of times we dont see these effects immediately, but they show up later on in the persons life.An example of this would be a black-market person who grows up in an all white community. Throughout his life, he is made fun of because he acts white ( he tries dangero us in school, gets good grades, is smart). This kid could always feel alone, because his black friends disown him for playing white, and his white friends are subconsciously prejudice against him simply because he is black.This is a tough situation, and is extremely true in the lives of a lot of kids. not to pick on black people or anything, but I heard a report some time ago that scarce 2% of black kids make it out of the hood. It is extremely hard for them to overcome everyone making fun of them because they dont conform to beingness a gangster.The person displaying the prejudice shows the ignorance of that person. Most kids get their prejudice roots from their parents at a very young age it passel come from a ton of different situations where the parent makes a comment, joke, etc, close a certain group. It also can come from the environment, in which the kid grows up, and different situations that the child is involved in or witnesses. That being said, it is not an excuse f or the person to be racist against the entire group, be it ethnic, social, or any other grouping. Ayn Rand saysA genius is a genius, disregarding of the fall of morons who belong to the same race and a moron is a moron, regardless of the number of geniuses who share his racial origin. I strongly agree with this averment we must judge only on a persons productive ability. This is hard to do, but when it comes down to it, the only thing that matters is a persons ability and how well he can work.In conclusion, there is no way that prejudice will ever be abolished in any society it is futile to even try. As you can see from the previous paragraphs prejudice has a dramatic impact on a persons complex. Prejudice only shows the ignorance of the one who is displaying it, and prejudice can be lessened, but will never be perfectly destroyed.

How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie by Junot Diaz Essay

there were three literary device use in this short accounting ( title, subtlety, and many different languages). Each device blended well with each. As you order the tier you can get the sense of style, tone, language of the writer. As you start the base your stuck until you finish be the literary device be used.Ju non Diaz style is very am using. As he explain his story, he is dandy forward . The style of the story is not made for anyone who is easily offended. The style of the story was made for anyone to read. If the lector is from an Urban area they can connect to the story and if not, they may find this story be funny. The style of the story makes it witness like youre given quantity by step directions on go out. The narrator explains how to helping handle yourself in different situations whether if it getting onward from the bully when you have you girl around, hang the up the phone if the return answers, or how please the mother.Diaz starts off with a funny and playful tone from the start, making the readers want to know what was more to come. As Diaz opens the story, he opens with a funny paragraph Youve already told them that your too sick to go to mating City to visit that tia who likes to grab your nuts (Hes gotten big, shell say.) (pg.255) He continues with the same tone in every paragraph. There is no sort to can get bored with the story. Also, the tone in the story makes the reader feel like its one of their friends or crazy inebriate uncle giving advice on dating. It makes the reader feel more open as they read the book.Diaz uses many different languages throughout the story if the reader is not prepare it may catch them off guard. The different types of languages in the story help give it color and life. One of the languages the narrator used was slang, using slang it gave validation in what type of environment the story was winning place. One the languages used in the story is connotation If shes exsanguinous girl you know youll at least get a hand job. This type of language had intensity, value, and a image to the readers.In this story I assume that this story was made for humor or a dating tool for teenage boys that live in urban areas on how to appointment different types of girl within or outside the neighbor hood. This was a funny story and I enjoyed it. I dont read at all unless it has to do with the news, sports, or military information. I feel that if I can scan what is a literary device, I understand more what I am reading and actually enjoyed this short story.

The Digestive System and the Urinary System

Man loves pabulum and loves to extinguish. His zest is always good and in some cases, he will eat victuals even if he is not hungry especially if the food is tasty. Of course, food has to get into the derivation to be carried to the frames cells. yet soluble food or food which has already been dissolved kitty do this. Most of the food we eat, however, is insoluble. Even if you grind it eat finely, it legato wont dissolve. And so, to make rehearse of it, our body has to break it down into chemicals which layabout dissolve.This breakdown is called digestion, and it takes place in the digestive musical arrangement. After our body completely utilizes the food and its nutrients or minerals, it becomes waste and this waste should be removed. It is instantly the break apart or role of the urinary carcass to control the implode of certain waste materials filtered from the air by the kidneys. Understanding these two governing bodys, working(a) hand in hand, would further i mprove ones taste perception of how our body functions. Our digestive system is a pipework with two openings and some specialized organs.It ext shuttings from the mouth of the anus and is also called the gastrointestinal tract. An interesting fact well-nigh the gastrointestinal tract is that eyepatch food or food residues be in it, technically the material is still outback(a) the body. Nutrients dont officially enter the body until they move from the space inside the digestive tube, its lumen, into the bloodstream. From beginning to end, mucus-coated epithelium lines surfaces facing the lumen. The thick, moist mucus protects the wall of the tube and enhances diffusion a scotch its inner lining.When we eat, the food advances in one direction, chase the major components of the pitying digestive system, from the mouth or oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, have a bun in the oven, lowly intestine and the over bouffant intestine or colon. The large intestine ends in the rectum, anal canal and anus. . If the complete digestive system of an adult human were fully stretched out, it would extend 6. 5 to 9 meters or 21 to 30 feet definitely one big tube. The mouth or the oral cavity is the entrance to the digestive system where the food is moistened and chewed. It can be utter that the polysaccharide digestion starts in the mouth.The pharynx is the entrance to the tubular part of the system and to the respiratory system as well. It moves the food toward by contracting sequentially. On the otherwise hand, the esophagus is the hefty, saliva-moistened tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach. The stomach is the muscular sac which stretches to store the food we take, faster than can be processed. gastric fluid mixes with food and kills many pathogens. If the mouth is the place for polysaccharide digestion, the stomach is the place where protein digestion starts. It secretes grhelin.Grhelin is the appetite hormone which is responsible for those individuals w ho always want to eat. The handsome intestine on the other hand, has one-third parts. The first part of the minuscule intestine, namely the duodenum which is C-shaped and almost 10 inches long, receives secretions from the pancreas, gall vesica and liver. The second part, the jejunum which is almost three feet long, is the part of the small intestine where most nutrients are digested and absorbed. The third part is the ileum which is six to seven feet long and absorbs some nutrients and delivers unabsorbed material to large intestine.The large intestine concentrates and stores undigested matter by absorbing mineral ions and water. The large intestine of the adult human is about five feet long and it is divide into ascending transverse and descending portions. The last two major components of the digestive system are the rectum and the anus. The rectum is the distension which stimulates expulsion of the stool while the anus is the end of the digestive system and has a termina l opening through which feces are expelled. (Smith and Morton, 2001). The other system, urinary system, consists only of the two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra.The two kidneys are shaped like beans, with the indentation or hilum, which faces medially. The kidney contains both excretory and collecting elements in the phase of epithelial tubes and cavities, which are separated and supported by connective tissue laced with blood vessels. The two ureters, urinary bladder and urethra are all collecting elements. The ureters gallop the weewee from each kidney to the urinary bladder. A single urethra hence carries the urine to the outside. We should be aware that the urethra is one component of the urinary system whose final exam development and location differ in the male and female.The ureters and urinary bladder are also line with transitional epithelium. Surrounding this lining are thick walls formed by multiple layers of smooth sinew held unneurotic by co nnective tissue, particularly prominent in the urinary bladder. The urethra is lined by a combination of epithelial types, ranging from transitional to stratify squamous. The stratified squamous is the epithelium characteristic of structure close to or on the outside of the body (Premkumar, 2004). To sum the components and functions of the urinary system, the two kidneys make water urine while the ureters convey the urine to the urinary bladder.The urinary bladder in counter stores the urine while the urethra transports the urine out of the body. The digestive system maintains the homeostasis in the human body through mechanical processing and motility, secretion, digestion, absorption and elimination. In mechanical processing and motility, movements of the various parts, such as teeth, tongue and muscle layers, break up, mix and propel the food material that we eat. In secretion, the digestive enzymes and other substances are released into the digestive tube.Digestion occurs w hen the food that we eat is chemically downcast down into nutrient molecules until they become small enough to be absorbed. following digestion, of course, is absorption, where the digested nutrients and fluid pass across the tube wall and into blood or the lymph. Finally, elimination takes place when the undigested and unabsorbed residues are eliminated form the end of the digestive system or gastrointestinal tract. While the urinary system maintains homeostasis in the body by excreting and reabsorbing important electrolytes, compounds and water.Depending on the changes in the bloods acid-base balance, the kidneys can either excrete bicarbonate or form new bicarbonate and add it to the blood. The necessary chemical reactions go on in the cells of the so called nephron tubule walls. For example, when the blood is too acid such as when we drink softdrinks or soda, water and carbon dioxide combine with the facilitate of an enzyme. They form a compound called the carbonic acid that t hen can be broken into bicarbonate and H+. Then, the bicarbonate produced in the reactions moves into the interstitial fluid, and form there into peritubular capillaries.It ends up in the general circulation, where it buffers excess H+. H+ formed in the tubule cells is removed from the body. It is secreted into the nephrons lumen, where it whitethorn combine with bicarbonate ions in the filtrate. Sadly for them, those ions cant cross the tubule wall. But when bicarbonate is not available, the excess H+ combines with phosphate ions or ammonia and is excreted in the urine. This is how kidneys rid the body of hydrogen ions. On the other hand, when the blood is too alkaline, chemical adjustments in the kidneys normally ensure that little bicarbonate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.Based on how the structure and function of two organ systems work to maintain the bodys homeostasis, I think that a golem having a digestive system and urinary system exactly confusablely that of the hu mans is impossible. Robots can be used to cure or accomplish digestive or urinary system problems but robots having these systems seem impossible. more generally, robots are used to treat humans and help doctors in surgeries. This is unpatterned in the use of robots in surgery or the so-called functional Robotics which is considered to be the state of the art and future trend, especially towards autonomy (Finlay, 2007).The examples of health check robot taxonomy are medical robots, surgical robotics, non-surgical robotics, image guided robots and multi-arm telemanipulators. They are also used in neurosurgery and there are new developments such as the developing strategic surgical robots and tactical surgical robots. On the contrary, robots may have a digestive system or urinary system that is similar or functions the same way as the digestive system or urinary system of humans, but not alone or exactly the same.If humans were to create robots with digestive systems of urinary systems, then that would be really difficult and the resulting project would be really complex. In addition to this, it would require us to develop sophisticated nanotechnology or use a lot of nanotechnology just to create one digestive system or one urinary system. After all, it is the body which secretes the enzymes or chemicals which conducts the tangible processes needed in the human body. A robot cannot simply produce the chemicals which are exactly the same as what our body creates or secretes.A hypothetical digestive and urinary system for a robot would look similar to the parts and processes that occur inside the automobiles. The gasoline is the robots food and the carburetor or the pistons are the teeth of the robot. An engine will shell out as the stomach and in the case of a spark light engine, the spark will be similar to the chemicals or enzyme which the digestive system releases in order to digest or ignite the food. The gasoline which was not properly utilized or if incomplete combustion occurs, carbon dioxide or other gas emissions (similar to feces in the human body) will be released in the exhaust.

Argumentative Paragraph

My favorite scene is when, Farhan is near to leave the country then he receives a c each(prenominal) presentment that the caller know where Rancho is. Farhan immediately run out of the airport and he calls Raju who is on his bed. They went in there College Campus where the caller was there. In the top of the construction they met their college friend and remember their commitment. And they find nothing in there. Friends, Family or approaching which should come first? Family should come first. Real Story Viruddh Family Comes First Viruddh is unity among relatively few Hindi films that is not a musical, instead thesoundtrack is chiefly used as background.The movie begins with Amar telling the story of his family and himself. Amar is the son of Vidyadhar and Sumitra Patwardhan, a middle class couple in India. Amar lives and works in capital of the United Kingdom and he sends some of his salary to them. One day Amar returns home with jenny Mayer, his girlfriend, and announces his i ntention to get married to her. Initially reluctant, his p atomic number 18nts argon pleased and laughing(prenominal) for the two. One day, Amar goes out celebrating with his friends, whilst his p bents and Jenny organise a surprise party for him.Outside a pub, Amar witnesses a murder and, while trying to apprehend the killer, he gets mortally wounded in the fight. Amar succumbs in the hospital. The assailant is identified as Harshwardhan Kadam, son of a minister Kadam. Soon, the police start covering the flake up. Amar is affectd in false charges of drug peddling. Witnesses and close friends of Amar too go across false statements. The torture doesnt end there, as police try to implicate Jenny as his accompolice. Vidyadhar decides that it is not good for Jenny to live there, in particular since she is expecting Amars child.Vidyadhar bails her out and implores her to return before she is locked up for good. Harshwardhan goes scot free meanwhile and Vidyadhar decides to attempt justice on his own. Ali Asgar, a mechanic and an acquaintance of Patwardhans, decides to help them. Soon, Ali succeeds in procuring a gun for Vidyadhar. Vidyadhar decides to confront Harshwardhan in his own office. Harshwardhan cockily lets him enter in and starts taunting him. Vidyadhar accuses him and Harshwardhan arrongantly confesses his crimes, telling Vidyadhar that he cigaretnot prove a thing.Vidyadhar points the gun at him, upon which Harshwardhan calls his guards. Vidyadhar guns down Harshwardhan and the guards enter in moments later Harshwardhans dead body collapses down. Harshwardhans channel guard lets Vidyadhar go, claiming that he wont be able to look at his family in the eye if he arrests Vidyadhar. A case stands up against Vidyadhar, where he reveals a pocket tape recorder on which the whole confession of Harshwardhan is recorded. found on the proof, Amar is exonerated of all false charges levelled up against him. Vidyadhar is also compulsive free.In an inter sl ew, Vidyadhar makes it clear that he doesnt intend to sue Kadam since his son has been killed and Vidyadhar knows the pain. In the end, it is shown that Vidyadhar is life sentence a riant life with Sumitra, Jenny, and his grandchild. Amar now explains that his father has always been a hero for him since childhood and he is feeling a little prehensile of his daughter who is being treated with same affection with which Vidyadhar treated Amar in his childhood. The movie ends with Amar disappearing in light claiming now he tin rest in peace. From The Hospitalist, June 2009Pediatric HM should embrace development of collaborative trade by Mark Shen, MD I recently returned from a seminar where I sang Kumbaya (OK, maybe I hummed) and performed a skit in front of the 250 former(a) participants. Having once been edited out of my own end-of-residency movie, you might think this was playacting 101 for the next Shens Anatomy. Rather, this was Hospitals and Communities Moving Forward with Patient and Family-Centered Care. ingest with experiential lessons in positive change, it transformed my vision of the future for patients, families, and our field.Patient- and family-centered anxiety (PFCC) is a movement rooted in the determine at the sum total of our profession. As soon as the hunter-gatherers formed communities, a village therapist emerged. Parents could turn to the healer for help when a child developed bronchiolitis. With correspondent amounts of hand-waving, these healers produced outcomes similar to current bronchiolitis care. only when what once was a simple kind has become fractured through relentless de-evolutionary forces. Progressive finicalization has exponentially ncreased the design of healers.The rapid, paternalistic injection of science and technology overwhelms even the most clear of Homo sapiens. The final product butt end be as refrigerant and sterile as a modern-day operating room. Amidst the labyrinthine mat up of providers, infor mation, and facilities, there is a warm underglow of hope. Unless youve been hiding under the concrete foundation garment of the old part of your hospital, youve heard about family-centered rounds (FCR). Its the new black, or the new steroids, of pediatric HM.And it carries with it the potential to be the bellwether of change. A simplistic view entails moving teaching rounds from the conference room to the bedside. Throw in a multidisciplinary component and you nominate a theoretical therapeutic milieu from which all manner of positive education and patient outcomes might be measured. But one must ask the question Can create patient- and family-centeredness The splendor of Family. Families are much more than groups of individuals. They have their own goals and aspirations.They also are stances where every child and adult should feel that he or she is special and be encouraged to pursue his or her own dreams a place where everyones individuality is consent toted to flourish. Alt hough every family has conflicts, all the family members should feel as though they can express themselves openly, share their feelings, and have their opinions listened to with understanding. In fact, conflicts and disagreements are a regular part of family life and are important insofar as they permit people to communicate their differences and ventilate their feelings.The family instructs children and gives guidance about personal values and social behavior. It instills discipline and helps them learn and internalize codes of conduct that impart overhaul them for the rest of their lives. It helps them develop positive interpersonal relationships, and it provides an environment that encourages learning some(prenominal) in the home and at school. It gives children a sense of history and a secure base from which to grow and develop. Yet, as important as these functions are, they do not happen automatically.Every parent knows it takes hard work to keep the family qualifying as a n effective, adaptive, and functional unit. Divine law is any law that, accord to religious belief, comes directly from the will of God, in contrast to man-made law. same infixed law (which may be seen as a apocalypse of divine law) it is independent of the will of man, who cannot change it. However it may be revealed or not, so it may change in serviceman information in time through new revelation. Divine law is double-dyed(a) law, meaning that since God is infinite, then his law must also be infinite and eternal.In Thomas Aquinass Treatise on Law, divine law, as opposed to natural law, comes only from revelation or scripture, hence biblical law, and is necessary for human salvation. According to Aquinas, divine law must not be multiform with natural law. Divine law is mainly and mostly natural law, merely it can also be positive law. Conclusion Family should value first. It is a precious thing that a man can have. All the things you have are no match for a family, because with family all your tears, heartaches, problems, burdens will disappear with so much in love with your family.You know what, I daydream once that my family will be happy at the time were nothing. I always judge to myself that my family is the one will love me for a one million million years. What is the essence of having a lovely house, a million money, a beautiful life without your family?. Think of it. As I grow older, I can imagine my world without my family. They are the one will fade your tears, they are the one will understand you, and they are the only one will love you. Yes, time come you will having your own family, and with that you can say that your already complete with the love of your family.I always observe in telly and also in real life that they have the things they wanted. But arent happy enough because they know that they are not complete without a child. Their some people with a peaceful life, a not so beautiful house, nothing to eat but see they are happy because they loving each other. Thats what family is, a perfect family. Friends and Future are always their waiting for us. These two can gone, can steal, can be nothing, but with family it can never be replace, steal and can be yours because its mine.

Food for Education Improves Girls’ Education the Pakistan Essay

In the last decade, access to primordial nurture has alter epochally in legion(predicate) parts of the dry land ( human race Bank, 2006). Yet, 77 meg children of primary indoctrinate-age, ar not in teach and 57 bearingion of them be girls. condescension oerall advances in primary inventory, significant sex disparities remain curiously in certain regions, notably the Arab States, s pophbound and West Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Beyond the primary train, the gender inequalities in initiateing are pull down to a greater extent significant.In secondary drilling, fork outd third base of countries have reached gender parity and women account for 64 pct of the worlds illiterate adults a figure, which has not mounted during the last decade (UNESCO, 2007). Girls speculate is affected by a variety of factors relating both(prenominal) to the demand and al downcast for side of takeing gender-stereotyped curricula and teaching practices, nurture root word no t fitting to the studys of girls (lack of separate t oilets, take fencing, girls boarding facilities, etc.) risks for girls safety on the way to and at school (girls being abducted, at risk of mishandle at school) or negative socio-cultural practices (early marriage, low abide by given to schooling of girls). One of the close significant obstacles to girls tuition is the direct and opportunity personify of schooling, which affects girls dis similarityately. Girls from poor syndicates register very low levels of school expiration in many countries (Bruns, Mingat, and Rakotomalala 2003).In India, for example, a study raise that, amongst poor girls, less(prenominal) than 10 portion had completed elementary education (grade 8), compared to 85 partage of rich boys (15-19 grades age group). directional attainment of girls was consistently tear down than for boys across all income groups (Filmer 1999). query from Guinea concluded that Family income or wealth is a key v ariable that explains differences in educational opportunities and attainment amidst families. Poverty in a family will have a much detrimental effect upon the stopping point to enrol a girl in school than boys (Tembon and Al-Samarrai 1997).This is linked to the fact that girls spend a significant marrow of their time on engagement, curiously interior(prenominal) chores and agricultural labour. Their child work benefit for parents, and thus the opportunity apostrophizes of their schooling, are thus greater than for boys. A survey in northern India found that girls responsibility for domestic labour and for sibling care was by far the closely crucial reason for not direct them to school or for their dropping out (The prove team 1999).A study from Bangladesh came to the following conclusion Normally, a rural Bangladeshi woman works 10-14 hours a day, though most of this work is not visible or reflected in national statistics. The deficiency to perform domestic chores to help their m other(a)s impedes girls elaboration in formal education, forcing them into insurrectionist seemance and/or to leave school (UNESCO 1998). In addition, there is record that direct educational greet are high for girls than for boys, for example because girls need safe transport to school or better school depart state to look decent (Herz and Sperling 2004).Where women and girls have low societal status, poor parents are often more reluctant to invest their meagre resources into the education of girls or else than that of their sons. aliment for fostering (FFE) computer programs school sustenance (school meals or snacks) and, particularly, the preparedness of pull in nourishment rations (THRs) have proven to be an effective means of addressing these obstacles, enrolling more girls in school, keeping them enrolled, and enhancing their adulthood wellbeing and productivity as a exit.In this composition we brushup the rationale behind FFE, particularly o f THRs in patronageing access to educationfor girls and summarise the findings on the effectiveness of THR computer programs lendable in the published literature. We then complement the evidence with a font study on a FFE class in Pakistan designed to support girls education. Cost-effectiveness is central to policy-making on achieving gender equality in education to date, however, there are very few studies that treasure the be and cost-effectiveness of FFE computer programs. The Pakistan theme study attempts to fill this opening night by analysing the be and benefits of the girls education political program. 2 Programme Description FFE programmes are widespread in developing and higher income countries.In 2005 the UN sphere Food Programme supported FFE programmes in 74 countries, benefiting almost 22 million scholarly persons of whom 48 percent girls. Some 3 million girls trustworthy dry, take home solid food rations in support of their education. realize food rat ions typically consist of food commodities that are of high value to families and part of their standard food basket, such as cereals or vegetable oil. They are distributed periodical or quarterly sometimes, the distribution time is likewise targeted to the agricultural lean season, when family food supplies are lowest and little food available on the local anesthetic markets.Receipt of the food ration is qualified upon the students regular attention in the case of WFP-supported FFE programmes, for example, a minimum of 80 percent monthly attendance rate is required. This helps to agree that students dont just enrol but actually attend school regularly. FFE noises are primarily designed to advance school friendship amongst poor, vulnerable, food insecure populations and target areas where access to school and school completion are weak, particularly for girls.The risk of not accessing and/or complemental primary school, a form of educational vulnerability anchored within a context of poverty and food insecurity, may be used to describe the joint characteristic componentd by the children targeted by FFE. This idea reflects the reality that household choices regarding education are often a result of complex decision processes, where poverty and hunger play an important role in find the schooling forces (Dreze and Kingdon, 2001). As we have seen above, these factors are particularly significant in the case of girls education..In a general model of FFE (WFP, 2007), the initial take that drives increase school club is the motivator to the household to send children to school. Generally, the incentive is achieved by way of an income transfer to the family of the student and in like manner through an enhancement of the services provided at school (Bergeron & Del Rosso, 2001). FFE overly has an incentive effect on schoolchilds actually wanting to go to school to receive some food, rather than staying at home and missing out. Both of these caus e will change to shift, in the short-term, a households decision towards increase schooling.The make are most significant amongst poorest populations and where education, including girls education, is not well established. Figure 1 summarises the main come to theory for THRs and traces the causal links between inputs and the desired educational outcome of increased access, promotion and completion for primary school children, particularly girls. Food for Education (FFE) programmes providing take-home rations are more suitable to target single students such as girls and less complex to implement than conventional school meal programmes that require substantial investments both in terms of infrastructure and biotic community inputs.For instance, THRs in the form of 4 litre vegetable oil cans are fairly easy to store and distribute, and THR distributions take place nevertheless once per month or less. More important, however, take-home food rations provide a more direct, higher v alue income transfer to families than school meals, which in turn provide the incentive for increased school participation. From this perspective, THRs provide an immediate, income found benefit, and another long-term benefit stemming from the returns to increased education, serving as both protective and promotive social protection (Devereux and Sabates-Wheeler, 2004).On the other hand, THR are not suitable to address nutritional and health burdens affecting school children and their education, particularly cognitive capacity, which is a well established outcome of school meals (Kristjansson et al. , 2007). 3 MDG 2&3 Improved attendance Food coiffure rations distributed on physique of pupils regular attendance Targeted HHs received THRs on check out of their childrens regular attendance Incentive for HHs decreased drop-out Increased registration Better academic performance Changing parents attitude regarding schooling.Figure 1 Food for Education affect theory for take-home rations Impact of FFE programmes on girls education Evaluations of FFE programmes (see Adelman et al. , 2006) have shown that FFE programmes lead to increased enrolment and attendance, of girls in particular, reduced dropout particularly in the lower primary school grades, and for on-site meals or snacks programmes improved student learning capacity. Literature databases were searched to identify relevant studies on the physical and social benefits of FFE programmes to girls.The educational outcomes considered implyd school participation (including enrolment, attendance and drop-out). Primary school age children were the primary subjects of all the studies considered. Only cardinal study was found on the impact of THR programmes highlighting the gap in evidence on this topic. Another paper was found on the comparative effects of the different modalities of FFE including THRs. One field-oriented paygrade of a WFP FFE programme was also determine in Pakistan and this is included in the main body of this paper as a case study.In Bangladesh, IFPRI and the World Bank evaluated the impact of a presidency FFE programme (Ahmed and Del Ninno, 2002) that covered over 2 million children in 2000. The enrolment in FFE programme schools was found to have increased by 35 percent over the two socio-economic class tip between the programme start and aft(prenominal) its start-off year. This increase was dictated by a remarkable 44 percent increase in girls enrolment and by a 28 percent increase for boys. In non-programme schools enrolment increased by 2. 5 percent (5. 4 for girls and 0. 1 for boys) during the same purpose.attendance in FFE assisted schools was found to be 12 points higher than in non-assisted schools (70 percent compared to 58 percent respectively). Drop-out pass judgment were also found to be 9 points lower in FFE assisted schools than in non-assisted schools (6 percent compared to 15 percent respectively). The overall programme costs were report ed to be US$0. 10 per child per day, though no analysis of the costs was provided. Another study analysed the comparative effects of the different modalities of FFE, including onsite meals combined with THRs (Gelli, Meir and Espejo, 2007).The results of this study of WFP monitor and evaluation data showed that the provision of the FFE programme contributed to change magnitude arbitrary enrollment in WFP-assisted schools by 28 percent for girls and 22 percent for boys in the first year. Enrollment patterns after the first year varied according to the type of FFE program. Where provision of take-home rations for girls was combined with on-site feeding for all pupils, the increase in girls absolute enrollment was Increased access, promotion & completion, particularly for girls 4 sustained at 30 percent after the first year.However, in schools providing on-site feeding alone, the rate of increase in absolute enrollment after the first year reverted to the rates of increase found in th e year prior to FFE effectuation. The provision of take-home rations also appeared to reduce the dropout rate of young-bearing(prenominal) students, particularly in the higher grades. In addition, an analysis of WFP ascertain expenditures in 2005 (Gelli, Al-Shaiba and Espejo, 2007) showed that the middling cost of WFP THR programmes was US$29. 94 per child per year, the most expensive of FFE modalities.However, the cost driver for THR was mostly the large volume of food provided (72 percent of amount of money programme costs, compared to 58 percent for school meal programmes). A study by Dreze and Kingdon from 2001 examined the effects of a wide range of determinants of school participation in rural northern India, focusing on school participation as a household decision. Amongst the school quality determinants, it was found that effeminate school participation was about 15 percentage points higher when the local school provided a mid-day meal (MDM).Mid-day meals also were fo und to have a major positive effect on girls grade attainment chances of completing primary education were 30 percentage points higher for girls living in a village with MDM. However, the MDM did not affect the enrolment of boys. The study support that female schooling is far more influenced by household sparing status than boys schooling parents are not generally opposed to female education but they are reluctant to pay for it. School meals could make a big difference here by reducing the mystical costs of schooling. An earlier study found that the noon meal programme in Tamil Nadu in India attracted more girls to attend school and improved the attendance of those already in school (Devadas, 1983). The Pakistan Girls Education Programme info on womens participation in education in Pakistan shows low girls primary school net enrolment (59 percent) and female adult literacy rates (35 percent). Although female enrolment is increasing rapidly in all regions, girls participation rat es at all levels are lower than that of boys and gender gaps persist, particularly in rural areas (WFP Pakistan, 2005).Since 1995, WFP has been providing food assistance to support the efforts of the Government of Pakistan (GoP) to improve access, retention and completion of girls primary education in 28 selected food-insecure districts of Pakistan, including sevensome districts of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP). The seven districts within the NWFP of Pakistan were identified by a WFP vulnerability analysis and mapping (VAM) study as being amongst the most food insecure areas in the country. Women and girls in these areas character huge barriers in terms of access to education.At the time when the cypher started, female literacy in rural areas was only around 10 percent and the primary participation rate of girls less than 30 percent. As a result, a take-home rations programme was introduced within these seven districts with the objective of increasing enrolment, retenti on and completion at girls primary schools. In 2005, THRs were provided monthly to 326,784 girls in 2,697 schools in vulnerable areas within 28 districts in the 5 provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and NWFP.ration out distribution was condition to regular school attendance. The monthly THRs consisted of a 4 litre tin of vegetable oil fortified with vitamin-A, and had an estimated value on the local market of US$5. Implementation Process Under the body politic Programme agreement signed by the GoP and WFP, WFP is responsible for providing the commodities for the FFE programme to the port of Karachi. The GoP is responsible for the food distribution to the 28 districts, as well as the management of the timely flipy of the food in good condition from all the district warehouses to the assisted schools.Project Implementation Units (PIUs) were set up by the GoP in each assisted province to run the FFE programme. WFP provided a small truck for each dist rict at the beginning of the project to facilitate the logistics and implementation. However, because of the very difficult terrain in the targeted low profile districts of NWFP, ensuring a timely 5 supply of the THRS to the schools has been challenging. As a result, many schools received the oil supply each second month or even later.Only two oil tins at the most, are distributed to a student to cover the back-log of non-supply during the previous period. At the school level, the head teacher generally receives the oil rations and supervises the distribution to the pupils, conditional to monthly attendance rates of at least 80 percent. The entitlement of each student is checked a fixst the school monthly attendance registers before the THR is distributed. The zone Officers Education & Deputy or ancillary District Officers also pay monitoring envisions to the schools and verify this aspect.Programme costs Project expenditure data was reviewed in order to estimate the costs of th e FFE programme. WFP reports annually on project expenditures, alongside other project statistics, in its standard project reports (SPRs). Expenditures are low down into commodity, transport, landside transport transfer and handling (LTSH), other direct operational costs (ODOC), direct support costs (DSC) which added together form the direct project costs (DPC). A percentage of the DPC is then factored in as indirect support costs (ISC) to support WFP Headquarters.Table 1 presents a division of nitty-gritty WFP expenditures in the country in 2005 alongside an estimate of the expenditure on the FFE programme, broken down by WFP cost category. Table 1 2005 WFP total and estimated FFE expenditures in Pakistan Country Programme tot up WFP Country Programme expenditures (USD) 11,667,043 970,358 0 90,856 621,934 874,879 14,225,070 Estimated school feeding expenditure (USD) 6,133,819 510,155 0 47,767 326,975 459,958 7,478,673 % FFE over total expenditures 82% 7% 0% 1% 4% 6% 100%.Commo dities Transport LTSH ODOC DSC ISC Total Regarding the brass contributions to the programme, the 2005 expenditures for each of the PIUs, divided into direct and indirect expenditures, are shown in Table 2Table 1. Direct expenditures have been divided into two parts i. e. (i) PIUs expenses which include staff salaries, renting of stores/warehouses, and other running expenses and (ii) the Transportation Cost incurred on the transportation of oil from Karachi to respective districts/tehsils/schools. verifying expenditures include the expenditures (adjusted by proportion of time spent on programme activities) of other staff members of government who manage the FFE programme i. e. distribute oil, monitor its distribution and send reports to PIUs from Districts / tehsils / schools level whose salaries are not charged to PIUs. These staff members include the Executive District Officers, District Education Officers (Female), Deputy District Education Officers, Assistant Education Officers, Store keepers, School Teachers and Peons etc.These expenditures have been calculated by WFP Pakistan ground on estimates following discussions with each respective PIU. As the entire FFE programme is managed by the provincial governments, PIU expenditures include all cost items required to deliver and manage the FFE programme. In 2005, school feeding activities accounted for 53 percent of food distributed in the whole WFP Country Programme. There were no further expenses incurred by the community in the running of the FFE programme. 6.Table 2 A breakdown of GoP budgeted expenses in 2004/2005 for FFE (THR) activities PIU Provinces Punjab Sindh Balochistan AJK* NWFP Total PKR 328,568 6,444,556 7,612,000 1,162,000 3,306,300 18,853,424 Direct Expenditures Transportation US$ PKR US$ 5,569 109,230 129,017 19,695 56,039 319,550 9,004,158 2,490,927 1,778,225 6,678,000 3,495,000 23,446,310 152,613 42,219 30,139 113,186 59,237 397,395 Indirect Expenditures PKR 22,984,227 23,795,400 20,183,8 29 25,194,939 92,158,395 US$ 389,563 403,312 342,099 427,033 1,562,007 PKR 32,316,953 32,730,883 29,574,054 7,840,000 31,996,239 134,458,129 Total US$ 547,745 554,761 501,255 132,881 542,309 2,278,951.Having collected estimates for the different costs that are associated with the FFE programme, from the procurement of food down to the distribution of the THRs to the school girls, we estimated the total cost of FFE in Pakistan for 2005. WFP and GoP contributions for 2005 total $9,757,624 USD, and dividing this by the number of beneficiaries resulted in $29. 85 USD per school-girl per year. In 2005 in Pakistan, food costs accounted for approximately 63 percent of the total cost.The share of WFP expenses over the total cost was 77 percent, with the remaining share covered by the GoP. The cost per beneficiary increases to $63 USD per child per year if we adjust for full food distribution to all the planned beneficiaries, and digest perfect attendance. Key outcomes and Impact.In 2004-20 05, a set of surveys were carried out to assess educational and other socioeconomic programme outcomes (WFP Pakistan, 2005). The evaluation included the order and analysis of detailed school-level records from all the 826 WFP-assisted schools and a set of 79 haphazardly selected non-assisted schools (control) in the region. A secondary study of the available literature (GoP, WFP, and other partners) and data was also undertaken, including an analysis of data from the Education Management schooling System (EMIS) and in-depth interviews with various partners involved such as government, WFP officials, community members, parents, teachers and students.The evaluation showed that the programme had multiple benefits for girls education The overall enrolment at sampled schools increased by 135 percent between 1998/99 and 2003/04, whereas during the same period enrolment at control school increased by only 29 percent. There was a particularly well-set increase in enrolment in the first grade of primary school (Kachi class) 211 percent at programme schools, compared to 5 percent in control school. This indicates that the programme was particularly in(predicate) in stimulating enrolment of girls who, until then, had never entered a school. On average, 88 percent of students attended school for twenty or more geezerhood per month (and were thus eligible for the take-home ration).Despite the positive effects on enrolment and attendance, completion of primary school remains a problem. Out of every 100 female students enrolling in 1998/99, only 44 percent reached grade 5. Although the primary school completion rate improved to 47 percent for the cohort starting school in 1999/2000, this only reflected a national trend, and programme schools actually showed worse results than control schools. This shows that the effect of the food incentive is not sufficiently strong to ensure that girls stay in school as they get cured, and older girls of the family might be replac ed by their younger siblings. 7 The programme also broke new ground and increased consciousness of girls education.Before the programme started, 48 percent of households did not send any of their daughters to school direct all parents educate at least one daughter. While 38 percent of respondents said that the food incentive was the only reason for sending their daughter to school, 29 percent they would continue educating their daughters even if the programme stopped. 27 percent said that general hostility to girls education in the community was no longer an issue. The food incentive was much appreciated by the families and provided them with tangible benefits. 32 percent of community members interviewed said that their income had increased, generating savings in the family budget and that they had more free time for agricultural activities or business. be and benefits of the FFE programme A basic framework was developed by WFP in order to evaluate the cost and benefits of th e FFE intervention designed to support girls education (Espejo et al. , 2006). In this model, the benefits from FFE are assumed to consist of two components the first is the financial value of expected lifetime additional cyberspace after successful completion of primary school, whilst the second is the market value of a monthly take-home ration, provided on condition to a girls school attendance passim the programme duration. If we apply this cost-benefit framework to the FFE programme in Pakistan the results show that every USD spent on the FFE yields approximately 1. 68 USD in benefits.An alternative to estimating the benefits of education through the monetary value of expected lifetime additional earnings after successful completion of primary school is to estimate the supernumerary school days gained through the effect of a particular intervention aimed at increasing school participation. Comparisons of actual pupil attendance days to the perfect attendance day total can pr ovide a single measure of school participation that encompasses enrolment, drop-out and absenteeism, the three main educational outcomes linked to FFE.A simple model developed to estimate the gain in pupil attendance days in FFE schools using averages for attendance, drop-out and enrolment resulted in an estimated 25 extra school days per child per year (WFP, 2007). This translates into approximately $240 USD per additional year of schooling for girls in Pakistan. The cost and effects of the THR programme are summarised in Table 3.Table 3 Estimated measures of cost-effectiveness of THRs in Pakistan (Source WFP Pakistan 2005, WFP SSFS 2003). Enrolment Effect (per year) Cost 22% increase Education Attendance 10% increase Drop-out 5% decrease 25 extra school days per year per pupil 30-60 USD per child per year Lessons learnt Of all the programmes initiated in NWFP, this one has do the most visible impact.It has contributed a lot in this province Fazle Manan, Director of Schools and Li teracy from the Ministry of Education, when asked of WFPs assistance to girls primary education. The FFE programme triggered a marked increase in enrolment of girls in assisted schools in Pakistan. The enrolment more than doubled during the first three years of intervention.These types of incentives and awareness campaigns are imperative to boost girls education, to improve female literacy and reduce the gender gap, especially in remote rural areas. However, the retention of girl students in the school system and further improvement of the participation rate is infixed to achieve universal primary education. 8 As a result of the increased enrolment, the nearly empty school buildings have become more used, providing a better return of investment to the community and the government. However, the quality of education, itself a major incentive for sending children to school, has been constrained by the lack of teachers.Moreover, many of the assisted schools suffer from a want of adequa te facilities, including furniture, water, sanitation, and boundary walls. This issue highlights the need to ensure that once children are in school, efforts are made to enhance the learning environment, as well as to support pupil attendance and retention. The involvement of the community and the local government has been ingrained to propagate the resources necessary for improving the school infrastructure. The FFE project has raised the awareness among the assisted communities about the importance of educating girls. Even the most reluctant parents are instanter sending their daughters to school.This change in attitude is a remarkable consummation against the backdrop of the social and cultural taboos that had prohibited the education of girls in the past. The mothers of the girl students now get out of their homes and visit schools to enquire about the progress of their daughters. Most of the females in far-flung rural areas were previously not allowed to graduation outsid e their homes now girls are going to schools and their elderly female relatives visit schools to enquire about the attendance, progress in studies and probable dates of supply of oil. This change in social attitude and behaviour is an important achievement of the programme. incoming plans The impact of the THR programme in supporting access to education for girls in rural, food insecure areas of Pakistan has been remarkable.Though WFP was involved in the design, management and implementation the FFE intervention, the ownership of the overall programme was, through the course of the programme, handed over to the Government of Pakistan. As of 2005, project implementation units staffed with senior level Government officials took-over the full responsibility of the programme in terms of food words to schools, programme monitoring and reporting. Financial contributions from the Government of Pakistan have also been essential to the success of the programme to date. The successful hand- over of the programme management will be critical to ensure the sustainability of the FFE programme in the future. 9 References Adelman S, Gilligan DO, Lehrer K. (2006).A review of the economics of Food for Education programs. International Food Policy Research Institute. Ahmed AU, Del Ninno C. (2002) Food for Education program in Bangladesh an evaluation of its impact on educational attainment and food security. Food Consumption and Nutrition Division, tidings Paper 138. International Food Policy Research Institute Bruns B, Mingat A, Rakotomalala R. (2003) Achieving universal joint Primary Education by 2015 A Chance for Every Child. Washington, D. C, World Bank. Del Rosso J. (1999) School Feeding Programmes Improving Effectiveness and Increasing the Benefit to Education. A Guide for Programme Managers. Devadas RP. (1983).The Honorable Chief Ministers nutrient Meal Programme for Children of Tamil Nadu. Coimbatore, India Sri Arinashilingam Home Service College Devereux S, Sabates- Wheeler R. (2004) Transformative Social security measures, Working Paper 232, Brighton Institute of organic evolution Studies. Dreze J, Kingdon G. (2001) School Participation in Rural India. Review of Development Economics. 2001 5 (1), 1-24. Espejo F, Gabriele A, Gelli A. and Knips V. (2006) Submitted. Evaluating Food for Education Programmes A Pragmatic Approach. International Journal of Educational Development. Gelli A, Al-Shaiba N, Espejo F. Estimating the cost of Food for Education Interventions. 2007.Filmer D. (1999) Educational attainment and enrolment profiles A resource book ground on analysis of demographic and health survey data Development Research Group Washington DC, World Bank Herz B, Sperling G. (2004) What works in girls education Evidence and policies from the developing world. New York, Council on Foreign relations Kristjansson EA, Robinson M, Petticrew B, MacDonald J, Krasevec L, Janzen T, Greenhalgh G, Wells J, MacGowan A, Farmer A, Shea BJ, Mayhew A and Tugwe ll P (2007) School feeding for improving the physical and psychosocial health of disadvantaged elementary school children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews pick out 1.Tembon M, Al-Samarrai S. (1997) Who gets primary schooling and why? Evidence of gender inequalities within families in Guinea IDS Working Paper 85 Brighton, Institute of Development Studies The PROBE Team (1999) Public Report on Basic Education in India New Delhi, Oxford University Press fall in Nations Childrens Fund, World Food Programme. The essential Package. Twelve interventions to improve the health and nutrition of school-age children. WFP, 2005. United Nations Educational scientific and Cultural Organisation. Education For All Global monitor Report. Strong Foundations. UNESCO, 2007. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation.Education for All Global Monitoring Report. The Leap to Equality. UNESCO, 2004. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation Bridging the ga p between intention and action Girls and womens education in South-Asia. Bangkok, UNESCO regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 1998. World Bank. From Schooling Access to Learning Outcomes An Unfinished schedule World Bank, 2006 World Food Programme Pakistan. Situation Analysis WFPs Assistance to Girls Primary Education in selected districts of NWFP. WFP Pakistan, 2005. World Food Programme. Food for Education works a review of WFP FFE monitoring and evaluation 2002-2006. WFP 2007. 10.

The Meaning of Holy Grail

The Tradition The Holy grail was a vas used by Christ at the expire Supper. Given to his grand-uncle, St. Joseph of Arimathea, it was used by him to collect Christs blood and sweat sm all told-arm Joseph tended him on the Cross. After Christs death, Joseph was apparently impris unmatchabled in a argument tomb similar to the one he had given for the body of his grand-nephew. left(a) to starve, he was sustained for several years by the power of the grail which provided him with fresh food and drink every morning. Later, St. Joseph travelled to Britain with his family and several followers.He aimtled at Ynys Witrin (Glastonbury), but the grail was taken to Corbenic w here(predicate) it was housed in a spectacular castle, guarded always by the Grail Kings, descendants of Josephs daughter, Anna (Enygeus) and her husband, Brons. Centuries later, the mess of the Great Castle of Corbenic became forgotten. At the Court of King Arthur, however, it was prophesied that the Grail would on e day be rediscovered by a descendant of St. Joseph the best nick pay heed in the land, the only man capable of sitting in the shadowy Siege Perilous.When such a man arrived in the form of Galahad, the son of Lancelot, along with a miraculous, though brief, vision of the Grail itself, a demand to find this holiest of relics began. Through m each adventures and many years, the Knights of the Round Table cross Britain from one end to another in their search. Perceval (Peredyr) discovered the castle in a land that was sickly like its spear-wounded King. When entertained by this black cat or Grail King, however, he failed to ask of the grail and left empty-hand. Lancelot next reached Corbenic, but was prevented from entering because of he was an adulterer.Finally Galahad arrived. He was permitted main course to the Grail Chapel and allowed to gaze upon the great cup. His life became complete and in concert grail and man were lifted up to heaven. The Names The Holy Grail forwards et appears as simply a grail in the full treatment of Chretien de Troyes. The word is probably derived from the Old cut word graal meaning a broad and capacious dish or salver. Though usually vista of as being a cup or chalice, the Grail has and so been variously described as a platter, dish, a cornucopia, horn of mountain or even a book or a stone. The name of the Castle of Corbenic has competing explanations.Old Welsh Cors, meaning Horn, the Horn of Plenty as the Grail is sometimes described may have become missed with the Old French Corps, producing Corps-Benoit meaning Holy Body, ie. the Body of Christ. More likely, however, is the clue that Corbenic stems from Corbin-Vicus. The ending is almost certainly derived from the Latin for Settlement, while Corben is a French translation of the word Crow or Raven Bran in Welsh. This was to a fault a mans name and, as Brons, he appears as St. Josephs son-in-law, one of the first Grail Kings. Hence Corbenic was Brans Settlement.It may be identical to the alkali of Lancelots father, Caer-Benwick. Ancient Origins The quest for a divine watercraft was a fashionable theme in Arthurian legend long before mediaeval writers introduced the Holy Grail to British mythology. It appears in the Mabinogion tale of Culhwch and Olwen, but particularly well-known is the story of the Preiddeu Annwfn or Spoils of the Otherworld as recounted by Taliesin. Arthur and his warriors sail off to the Celtic Otherworld to capture the pearl-rimmed cauldron of Annwfn like the grail it was a conferrer of plenty, but also of prophecy.It was at last discovered at Caer-Siddi (or Wydyr), an island startle castle of glass, where it was guarded by nine divine maidens but the turn up perils were too much for even Arthurs men. The mission was abandoned and only seven-spot of their number checked home. Celtic Cauldrons were used in ceremonial feasting as early as the Late Bronze Age. Ritual deposits in Llyn Fawr (Glamorgan) include such wat ercrafts, though the best known example is the Gundestrup Cauldron constitute in the peat bogs of Jutland (Denmark). Highly decorated with portraits of many Celtic deities, this vessel would once have held up to twenty-eight and a half gallons of liquid.These finds intelligibly point to the religious importance of cauldrons, as found in the Arthurian stories and even older Celtic mythological parallels. The magic Otherworld vessel was the Cauldron of Ceridwen, the Celtic Goddess of Inspiration. She is remembered today in the archetypal horrid cauldron-stirring witch. She once set about brewing a drink of knowledge and wisdom for her hideous son, but her kitchen-boy, Gwion, accidentally tasted the concoction, preventing anyone else from benefitting from its affects. A great battle of wills ensued, for Gwion now held all the knowledge to escape the Goddess wrath.The two changed themselves into various animals in an attempt to sidestep each other before Gwion was swallowed whole as a scrap of wheat. He was eventually reborn as the great bard, Taliesin The cauldron accordingly reappears in the story of Bran Fendigaid (the Blessed), not only as a vessel of knowledge and plenty, but also of rebirth. The great Celtic warrior God, Bran, obtained his life-giving vessel from a giantess (or thinly veiled Ceridwen) who had been expelled from a Lake in Ireland. The Emerald Isle here personifies the Celtic Otherworld.The magic vessel would restore to life the body of any dead warrior placed within it a scene apparently visualized on the Gundestrup Cauldron. Brans sister marries the King of Ireland and they are given the cauldron as a wedding gift. However, when hostilities between the two countries break out, Bran travels across the sea to regain this dangerous prize. He is eventually successful, but is wounded by a poisoned spear and, like Arthur, only seven of his men return home. The name, the castle (already discussed), the wound, the mystic vessel, the journey B ran Fendigaid is clearly Brons, the Grail King, son-in-law of Joseph of Arimathea.

Conflict Scenarios

The model incorporates seven steps define he situation, drag and collect needed Information, develop ersatzs, develop agreement among those Involved, decide which alternative Is best, and determine whether the decision was a good one and draw up (Nickels, McHugh. & McHugh, 2010). In following the steps, eliminating steps that are irrelevant, the double-deckers can develop a rootage. The situation explains that the marketing department is no longer collaborating on an all- all- of the essence(predicate)(a)(prenominal) project. The three members cannot decide on an ad visual causing the team up to disband.An alternative solution Is to brook the manager ecocide which visuals to combine for the final product. This figure outs the variableness between members be get to the choice was taken leaving no conflict. The middling reform Tire marketing team can now meet the deadline. interlocking is common in workplace teams and is not al paths bad. Conflict is important because it p rovides different strategies for completing a common goal. A common cause of conflict in a group is a segmentation in communication. Examples of communication breakdown are misunderstandings, cultural differences, and poor listening (Skills, Gulper, Shyness. 010).The managers responsibility Is to find a solution and resolve the disagreement. Conflict resolution is important because alike much conflict can lead to an impasse and opinion performance. Since Jan, Sally, and Mark have been very successful in the past working on a team an effective conflict resolution wreak would be to have all the parties compromise. The Compromise burn down Is where apiece ships company would be bring forth their arguments and find a common ground, individually would receive some and severally would have to sacrifice a elfin as heir marketing project, compromising would be an effective way for the team to resolve their conflict.Another conflict resolution method that the manager could follow would be collaboration. Collaboration as defined by Winnable (2010), is the parties attempt to resolve their conflict by finding a mutually beneficial solution through problem. Collaboration Is a win-win situation compared to compromising where everyone loses a little, the come on Is that collaboration can take more time to come too resolution. Since Jan, Sally, and Mark have worked effectively in the past gather collaboration would be effective.The reason is they all have the same goals in get this marketing project completed however there was a breakdown in communication. Collaboration is the most effective when the parties have the same goals, have open communication, and have a shared level of trust (Wallace, 2010). In order to resolve the conflict with Jan, Sally, and Mark at Just sort out Tire Company, ten manager snouts perform ten primary Tunnels AT management. I en primary functions of an effective manager consist of planning, organizing, leading, and observe (Nickels, McHugh, & McHugh, 2010).The first step of the manager is to setup a plan and approach the team to develop and to promote the new tires for the company. Once the team is alive(predicate) of the plan, the manager should organize the responsibilities of each team member. The manager was aware of the strengths of each team member, that they worked well together, and produced successful ads in the past due to each members different strengths. While Jan, Sally, and Mark are working together the manager should also be leading the team by guiding, coaching, ND prompt them to achieve their goal to produce a successful ad for Just Right Tire Company.

Human Behavior in the Organization in Global Perspective Essay

Does other theories genuine by the foreign managerial experts atomic number 18 applicable in the Philippines Settings?Human expression in the cheek had these so m all theories that be developed in order to patron managers and leaders utilize gentleman individual efforts exerted to actualize goals and future in demand(p) state of the physical composition or company. With this, human behavior in the organization is non only limited to those countries that had developed some trenchant and salutary proven theories, it is also the basis of the other countries having trouble in managerial process of handling individual differences.So, a global sharing and well-favoured information about the theories was executed in order to help those budding countries in terms of economic status whereby, it is believed that with these theories, it could be the key for a undeveloped country to attain desired economic status. Undeveloped countries may also be pertain to the countries trying to be in the core class countries where on that point is an ascertained desired for knowledge and information on how to make managerial skills of the persons who ar in the authority to be developed or enhance. Philippines is one of those countries who is indeed, in need of these information, but the question is does these theories unfeignedly fit or suit here in the Philippines?Theories atomic number 18 basically the agreementatic gatheringing of interdependent concepts and principles that gives a framework to a crucial atomic number 18a of knowledge. While in designing an effective organizational structure, there are a number of principles and concepts that are interrelated and that concur a predictive appreciate for managers. The importance of theory is to provide a style of classifying signifi do-nothingt and pertinent attention information and knowledge. Theories constitute the belief system and focus orientations that, consequently, expunge the organization. W ith this, the Filipino managers and leaders had a hard clipping to formulate an effective pattern of processes and procedures based on the theories of other countries.It been discover that an individuals needs are the main characters that plays the biggest role on the motivating and moving people to exert their efforts on the capriole. speaking of motivation, Maslows hierarchy of needs is one of the famous and had been said to be effective on the companies and international organizations. Well, here in the Philippines, it is also observed but, it is not been fully utilized and gain by those who manages the Philippines System today. Just to illustrate, the showtime stage on the hierarchy of needs is the physiological needs that signal the basic needs for sustaining life such as food, water, air, and shelter. This stage is creation given full attention by Filipinos, because as part of our culture, we hightail it to give all(prenominal)thing bonnie to make sure the survival o f our family phalluss and also, we tend to uphold it as giving everything that would make us feel comfortable as we live our lives.The second stage is the security needs, where it is the stage of which indicates the needs to be free from any danger, loss of job, and deprivation. The Philippine society, especial on those places where crimes are rampant, individuals are in full alert to avoid danger. Also, we Filipinos give value to our jobs. As being observed, only few have their jobs so they do whatever it takes just to make sure that they allow for stay prop that job given to him or her.The third stage is the affiliation or acceptance needs which include the thought of us, as human being, are social. This stage discusses the value of an individual and it is recognize by his companions and superiors. In the Philippines, obedience is well observed as to the organizational processes and procedures being done intimate a certain organization. Meaningful inter-personal relation is one our strengths as Filipinos where we have the characteristics of helping others and respecting their personal decisions and acts.The other 2 stages are being observed on few people inside an organization where they had their own ways of fulfilling the first 3 needs introduced by Maslow in his Hierarchy of Needs. Maslows theory discusses an individual as to his or her birth, potentials are present. The potential for mental growth and health is present in every person at birth. The theory targets the individuals motivational factors that drive the individual to do well in his or her particular job. Filipinos, are more credibly the persons who are being motivated by social acceptance and love. Filipinos are fan of relating their own experiences and letting their companions feel that he, who is relating his life to the organizations condition, trust his companions and seeking for understanding and acceptance to them.Another theory is the skinner Operant Theory that indicates the human needs are the determinant to human behavior. Burrhaus Frederick Skinner. He believed that the environment determines the individual behavior event if he alters the environment. The workers can be motivated by properly creating the work environment and providing rewards or stimulus for desirable workers performance. It is the external environment that influences the behavior people exhibit rather than their external needs, wants, and desires. In this theory, rewards or any positive reinforces of a certain behavior are found to be more powerful than the negative and neutral reinforces, even if both sets of reinforces may be used.Since the Philippines is composed of various kinds of ethnic concourses, cultural mores, dialects, regional peculiarities, apparitional beliefs and value system, it is difficult to say what kind of behavioral style or attitudinal orientation will best fit the prevailing environment of a Filipino organization.Culture really made innovative measures of m anagers difficult to thrive here in the Philippines where it should be done as it is being extremely needed by the different Philippine organizations. Culture is being the impediment of globalization especially in terms of process that may affect the human work behavior that will produce unnecessary organizational behavior. Globally accepted processes and behavioral patterns are considered to be unnecessary to dramatize by the Filipino managers and leader whereby they take as infestation of our customs. Filipino traditional approach on motivating their subordinates as to which, they attack from the watcht. draw importance to the things that an individuals want and love.Also, Filipinos managers essential know the abilities and capabilities of a certain work stem in order for him or her to maximize the skills of the individual inside that work group. Dealing with the problems that can be a hindrance to productiveness of an individual is one thing that manager must do in order for him or her to piss respect and gain recognition of his or her efforts as the manager. Filipinos managers must show their interest to hear and take some actions regarding the problems and issues raised by the formal or folksy work groups. Touching the atmosphere of work environment that the subordinates are experiencing every single day is one of the examples of making sure that you are to understand the work behavior of a specific group of subordinates in the organization.A single interest could be one of the factors why a specific group is formed. With this, the management should know about that interest and then switch over it into a motivational form and introduced it to the subordinate in able for the management to get the attention of that work group and then you start on making some developing steps in order for that group to be productive. Motivation is the driving force that pushes an individual to perform acts towards the work of his or her job. Work group is very essential for it could be the greatest factor of organizations productiveness. The actions towards the job compromise the behaviors that are innate to the workers.Managers are butt on to create motivational plans for every each one of his or her subordinates. Motivations are plantd by needs. Effective work group is not just about the productivity itself, it is also about the development each member of the group by attaining their individuals goals and aspirations. Managements are bound to define the motivational factors of a work group in order to move on their needs that will result to the expected productivity. Management productivity is defined as the ratio of commentarys and outputs of the managerial process being done.The management who knows how a person works and what is the forces that keeps him on doing a good job performance is a good management. Work group behaviors should be a right shape in order to classify these behaviors as effective. do some efforts of redirect ing behaviors that are essential and not properly used by the person will definitely help you to lead the work group into success. Organizational theory affirms that motivation is a matter of organizing jobs according to prevailing needs as related to situation, which if properly carried out results in economic job structure and consequent favorable job attitudes.Theories from foreign lands are just the basis of what we have now the Filipino Management where inter-personal family and humanitarian way treating subordinates are the main focus. The relationship of people deep down the organization, the feelings people have about the structure they placed to work in, and the input of these feelings on their work are of outmost importance. With this, the manager should make enrollment on giving the subordinates motivations that can lead to effective work group behavior. Formulating our own way to management our own working potentials, environment, motivational factors and conditions will surely make us realize and actualized desired goals, our own goals as Filipinos.

Obesity In the United States

In the fall in States today, corpulency has reverse an enormous problem. In the destruction 3decades, the number of gr course tell apart enceinte has amplificationd dramatically. A schooling with by theCenters of unwellnessiness Control showed that since 1980, matchless third of our full-grown universe of discourse has become all over cargoiness. America is the richest however withal the expandtest nation in the world, and our rotund backsides atomic number 18 the savet of jokes in e actually different country (Klein 28). The mid- octeties were a period whenAmeri non bad(predicate) deals suddenly started going crazy over nimble, leap onto the treadmills, and purchase prepack fourth- socio-economic class non- fill in forage for thoughts.However, while all of that was going on, the number of tellingAmeri endures began to enlarge. accord to a report in the Journal of the Ameri buttocks MedicalAssociation, 58 cardinal multitude in our country weigh over 20 pct of their boles ideal tilt. The clause Fat Times states, If this were nearly tuberculosis, it would be called an epidemic(Elmer-Dewit 58). The feasting physical exercises of society feed steadily become to a gr obliterateer extent perverting and pass onstarted to produce gluttonous fryren, over-indulgent adults, and a forage fabrication strike off too muchon satisfying our appetites. corpulency fag end begin at a very(prenominal) young age. Many tiddlerren in our society ar with child(p),setting themselves up for sobering wellness problems later in vivification. Type 2 diabetes, juicy bloodcholesterol, richly blood pressure, and heart problems be honorable some of the lay on the lines. Children who ar dense excessively race to find out little secure, less happy, and be stressed to a gr take oner extent(prenominal) than frequent weight children do. They channel teased, criticized, and judged. In umteen cases, the problem is non the childsfault.Being overweight whitethorn run in that childs family, or their p bents do non encourage them to be active and redeem equal exercise. Many children spend too much condemnation within squander a guidance in foregoing of the TV, playing video games, or spending time on the electronic com fructifyer, and consuming high fatsnacks, soft drinks and dulcify at the identical time (Weight Manage hammer forcet). The CDC performed astudy in 1994 that was described in the book Fat prop up it showed that children who watched over four hours of television a day had higher frame mint bathroomdy index ( form fatness) numbers than thosewho watched less than one hour a day.In 1994, The Centers for Disease Control studied the TV expressioning time, exercise patterns, and weight gain of 4063 children aged eight to fifteen. Theresults found that the less a child exercised and the to a greater extent they watched TV, the much(prenominal)(prenominal) seeming theywere to be ro und or overweight. When they surveyed the p arnts, they discovered that theconcern ab away aversion was a reason that the p arnts didnt want their children outside universe active. That is wherefore they were non concerned about the harmful effect of sitting in front of the TV allday they were secure glad that their children were safe.Surveys, studies, and reports that came outin the 1990s began to show inglorious results of how socially disfranchised children were becoming from cosmos round (Critser 73-74). Schools arent helping the children individuallyHow lavatory the school nutritionist compete against BigFoot pizzas and Super-Size fries? The $50,000 the U. S. judicature al bents each state annually to teach kids to eat right is muddled contiguous to the billions washed-out designing pabulum and packaging that will ring the kidsPavlovian bells the dowry of teens who are overweight, which held steady at about15% through the 1970s, rose to 21% by 1991. The kids e at noaffair but debris nutriment saysLiam Hennessey, a special-ed instructor from San Francisco who watches students on school trips open the lunches their parents pack for them, gobble up the Oreos and Pop-Tarts and slash out the sandwiches (Elmer-Dewitt). A Harvard Health Report, Weight Less, Live Longer, discusses how legion(predicate) commonwealth donot reach that their appetite and pabulum butt end be closely cogitate to many psychological factors. Any soulfulness who has ever binged on chips or cookies when they feel upset muckle understand this.Several studies incur shown that throng angle to eat to a greater extent when they feel anxious, depressed, or keep up symptoms of separate frantic disorders. genuine feeds have been known to have a calmingeffect, although fatally it is ordinarily the convince foods that do. When a depressed personeats to feel better, they gain weight, and being overweight give the sack in turn cause depression and theemotional problems that signal over mystify in. A malefic cycle begins. Being overweight can cause much emotional problems than bonny overalimentation, however.Sadly, heavy mountain are very oftensocially shunned, judged, criticized, and made fun of. They have more trouble finding jobs,friends, and mates. Being discriminated against near adds to the emotional logical argument that overweight people have to deal with. Their depression from being obese can cause feelings of hopelessness,making it bet impossible for them to try to lose weight and channel the way they look (Why mass Become Overweight). The book nutriment as a Drug describes some studies that have beendone to try and see if obesity could be considered the same as a drug dependency disorder.Foodcan sometimes be a powerful psychoactive substance, and one way to view have disorders isto appreciate that food is a complex mixture and that the proboscis responds to food as it does tochemicals, such as those found in alcoh ol and some early(a) psychoactive drugs. Eating disorders aretherefore chemical disorders (Food as a Drug). The food we eat in America is another factor bestow to the nations obese population. The want for put away food has rapidly replaced the desire for fruits and ve unhorseables and other healthy edibles. Who can blame people for buying it? Its easy, speedily, cheap, and fun.What people can be blamed for is the come in they eat. altercate food define is food packed withchemicals, sugar, and sodium, such as french fries, hamburgers, and sweets. Junk food is not justlimited to snacks fast food was put on the name when the calories, fat, sodium, and chemical center surpassed the nutritional value. Although many health authorities insist that there is nosuch thing as junk food, consumers find it a useful term for distinguishing nutritive food from products whose chief appeal is fun, convenience, and addictive taste bet you cant eat just one(Junk Food). Americans are spendi ng about $4. billion a year on potato chips, and 23. 5 billiona year on candy and gum. 46 Percent of adult Americans eat out on a regular day, and one thirdof them choose fast food. That is because the fast food application has easy become one of thesymbols of American culture and is spreading to other cultures as well McDonalds has 26,000locations in 119 countries, Pizza Hut has more than 10,000 in 86 countries, and Subway has14,500 in 75 countries. Commercials, signs, and huge advertisements are push junk food at usevery day people can not flush go to the grocery store without candy bars being lined up right bythe checkout.The junk food industry realizes how kindly it can be. When a person is in arush, they can easily eat a large meal without having to bring in a lot of decisions, work, jog up,or get out of their car. The speed and convenience fit Americans pressured flavour styles. It does notfit, however, to our health and wellness. A fast food meal, such as a Burger King DoubleWhopper with cheese, contains 965 calories, more than prongy the arrive of fat, and as much as750 grams too much sodium for the day. The food is providing all the wrong ingredients it hastoo much protein and fat and no vulcanized fiber or vitamins. It is o wonder our nation is so overweightwhen the food they brace consumption of eating can be so dangerous. It is very unfortunate that Americans get to the point where fat caters to their hurried lifestyles. Junk food whitethorn not bealtogether toxic, but when it is eaten on a habitual basis it can be deadly (Junk Food). Excessive weight on the dust can pose some extremely serious health risks. comely some of those risks are type 2 diabetes, infertility, hypertension, heart attacks, colon cancer, prostatecancer, hyperlipidemia, and nipple cancer. The general mechanism for gaining weight is obviousand simple.When people consume more calories than the personify can burn, the body stores thosecalories as fat tissue pap er. However, some contractable factors can play a part, such as how the bodyregulates the metabolic govern and appetite. whatever people use their genetics as an excuse, butactually those that have the sensitivity to gaining weight do not have to be fat (Carson-Dewitt). People with tho a moderate genetic predisposition to be overweight have a greatchance of losing weight on their own by eating less calories and getting more vigorous exercisemore often.These people are more credibly to be able to maintain this lower weight (Why PeopleBecome Overweight). It is mainly the amount of fat that people make a habit of eating and their lifestyle that plays the biggest role in their overall health. Some symptoms of obesity are excess fat person tissue and excessive weight gain, causing arthritis, lower back wo(e) and other orthopedic problems, hernias, heartburn, adult- fire asthma, high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure,gum disease, gallstones, spit out disorders, brusqueness of breath that can be incapacitating, sleepapnea, and emotional and social problems.Studies have shown that individuals who are apple-shaped tend to have higher risks of risk heart disease, stroke, cancer, and diabetes than peoplewhose weight sits in their hips and thighs and are pear-shaped (Carson-Dewitt). The book Eating Disorders and Obesity points out also that where fat is deposited in the body makes adifference in disease risk. The intra-abdominal fat is very dangerous. In this area, fat cells produce harmful chemicals that go to the liver. Lipacidemia (the battlefront of fatty acid in the blood) obstructs oxygen and glucose from being transported to the muscles, thus change magnitude the bodys resistance to insulin.The book also shows statistics that adult onset diabetes is mostsensitive to weight gain. A gradient in risk of more than 50-fold is seen from the leanest to theheaviest men and women, and correct modest gains in weight from age 18 to midlife are associatedwit h an increase in risk several(prenominal) times greater than that of a person who maintained a stableweight (Eating Disorders and Obesity). Increased BMI (body mass index) of 23 to 25 hadincreased abnormalities in blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and serum lipids.People who areoverweight whitethorn try to present the attain of less hip fractures and broken bones than people whoare lean (because of more padding), but heart disease and diabetes are far more primary(prenominal) anddangerous health risks. There are no benefits to being overweight (Eating Disorders andObesity). Preventing obesity at an early age is very beneficial to peoples health and self-esteem. Parents can prevent their children from becoming obese later in life more than they know. They select to be role models for their children, and set examples of a good lifestyle.Regulating howmuch the child eats is important, especially what theyre eating. Sugar should be get by down, aswell as high-calorie snacks. Limitin g time in front of the TV and computer could increase physical activity as well (Weight Management). The article Obesity explains that obese adultswhose parents never taught them good eating and health habits have to take trade of themselvesand change their lifestyles. Treating obesity is not just about quick weight loss, it is about settingup a lifelong pattern of good choices. Yo-Yo dieting is very dangerous and can increase a persons risk for fatal diseases. Behavior-focused treatment should concentrate on learning andunderstanding the fat content and overall nutritional value of most foods. Overweight individualsmay need to hold off a food diary to record their calories and food choices, and change habits in grocery shopping, times of meals, and actual rate of eating. Some psychological factors, such ashow a person views food, could play a part. Some people satiate when they are under extremestress, for example, and see food as a comfort.Others may eat to reward themselves fo r success. Many views of food are contributing to why people gain weight so quickly, and if people canidentify the psychological reasons behind why they eat so much, they could prevent a lot of problems. The article continues by describing how physical activity is another life habit that isvital to make. The amount of time someone spends exercising and being active can contributemuch to his or her overall health. As many as 85% of dieters who do not exercise on a regular basis chance their lost weight within two ears. In five years, the encipher rises to 90%. Exerciseincreases the metabolic rate by creating muscle, which burns more calories than fat. Whenregular exercise is unite with regular, healthful meals, calories continue to burn at anaccelerated rate for several hours. When individuals work hard and build endurance, it helpsthem not feel discouraged. New activities and wide-ranging routines can help them not lose interest instaying active. Individuals seek to make these li fe changes would be wise to be encouraged andsupervised by a medical examination professional.Weight loss programs, such as Weight Watchers cansometimes be effective, as they emphasize realistic goals, sensible eating, gradual progress andexercise. However, some can be dangerous because they promise extreme weight loss and may put people on dangerous diet plans or pills. almost doctors would not approve of those, but wouldrecommend a low calorie diet (about 1200 to 1500 calories a day), or a liquid protein diet for upto three months. on with the inspection of dieting and exercise, the doctor would probablyrecommend a psychiatrist to help the longanimous deal with their views on food.Sometimes appetite-suppressant pills are administered, which increase levels of serotonin or catecholamine,chemicals that insure feelings of fullness. Food plays a huge part though getting the moderate ratios of protein, carbohydrates, and good-quality fats can help in weight loss via enhancement of the metabolism. harbor groups that are informed about healthy, nutritious, and balanced dietscan offer an individual the confirm he or she needs to maintain this type of eating pabulum(Obesity).Obesity experts have made the point that monitoring fat consumption is moreimportant than just count calories. Just 30 percent of calories eaten per day should come fromfat, and tho one third of those calories should come from saturated fat (Obesity). Many Americans are trying to fight the battle against obesity. Many arent winning. Howcan they when packaging on junk food is distracting children from the salad bar, or when adultssee commercials for huge meals every 10 legal proceeding on television? Food is being pushed atAmericans constantly there seems no way to get around the message of you have to eat. There seems to be no way to achieve fitness goals because there are too many obstacles. Whether a persons obstacles are their genetics and metabolism, their depression, or their h abits andlifestyle, being overweight is one of the hardest things in life to deal with. The things that obese people have to deal with are very unfortunate. The health problems are harmful enough to well- being, but the cycle of depression and emotional problems that comes along with obesity in somany cases can be worse.Obese people have to walking through life constantly being reminded of their damaging habits and things can seem so hopeless. It is so important to start healthy habitsearly in life. The benefits of good deportment and good life patterns can make life more fulfilling,worth vitality for and longer lasting. Americans used to embrace healthy eating habits but thecountry got so busy that good ideals were thrown away. The problem of obesity is not just aboutfood it is about an entire lifestyleObesity In the United StatesIn the United States today, obesity has become an enormous problem. In the last 3decades, the number of people overweight has increased dramatically. A study done by theCenters of Disease Control showed that since 1980, one third of our adult population has becomeoverweight. America is the richest but also the fattest nation in the world, and our obese backsides are the butt of jokes in every other country (Klein 28). The 1980s were a time whenAmericans suddenly started going crazy over dieting, jumping onto the treadmills, and buying prepackaged non-fat foods.However, while all of that was going on, the number of obeseAmericans began to increase. According to a report in the Journal of the American MedicalAssociation, 58 million people in our country weigh over 20 percent of their bodys ideal weight. The article Fat Times states, If this were about tuberculosis, it would be called an epidemic(Elmer-Dewit 58). The eating habits of society have steadily become more harmful and havestarted to produce gluttonous children, over-indulgent adults, and a food industry set too muchon satisfying our appetites.Obesity can begin at a very yo ung age. Many children in our society are overweight,setting themselves up for serious health problems later in life. Type 2 diabetes, high bloodcholesterol, high blood pressure, and heart problems are just some of the risks. Children who areoverweight also tend to feel less secure, less happy, and be stressed more than normal weight children do. They get teased, criticized, and judged. In many cases, the problem is not the childsfault.Being overweight may run in that childs family, or their parents do not encourage them to be active and get enough exercise. Many children spend too much time indoors wasting away infront of the TV, playing video games, or spending time on the computer, and consuming high fatsnacks, soft drinks and candy at the same time (Weight Management). The CDC performed astudy in 1994 that was described in the book Fat Land it showed that children who watched over four hours of television a day had higher body mass index (body fatness) numbers than thosewho watc hed less than one hour a day.In 1994, The Centers for Disease Control studied the TVviewing time, exercise patterns, and weight gain of 4063 children aged eight to fifteen. Theresults found that the less a child exercised and the more they watched TV, the more likely theywere to be obese or overweight. When they surveyed the parents, they discovered that theconcern about crime was a reason that the parents didnt want their children outside being active. That is why they were not concerned about the harmful effect of sitting in front of the TV allday they were just glad that their children were safe.Surveys, studies, and reports that came outin the 1990s began to show shocking results of how socially disfranchised children were becoming from being obese (Critser 73-74). Schools arent helping the children eitherHow can the school nutritionist compete against BigFoot pizzas and Super-Size fries? The $50,000 the U. S. government allots each state annually to teach kids to eat right islo st next to the billions spent designing food and packaging that will ring the kidsPavlovian bells the percentage of teens who are overweight, which held steady at about15% through the 1970s, rose to 21% by 1991. The kids eat nothing but junk food saysLiam Hennessey, a special-ed teacher from San Francisco who watches students on school trips open the lunches their parents pack for them, gobble up the Oreos and Pop-Tarts and toss out the sandwiches (Elmer-Dewitt). A Harvard Health Report, Weight Less, Live Longer, discusses how many people donot realize that their appetite and diet can be closely related to many psychological factors. Any person who has ever binged on chips or cookies when they feel upset can understand this.Several studies have shown that people tend to eat more when they feel anxious, depressed, or have symptoms of other emotional disorders. Certain foods have been known to have a calmingeffect, although unfortunately it is usually the fattening foods that do. When a depressed personeats to feel better, they gain weight, and being overweight can in turn cause depression and theemotional problems that signal overeating. A vicious cycle begins. Being overweight can causemore emotional problems than just overeating, however.Sadly, obese people are very oftensocially shunned, judged, criticized, and made fun of. They have more trouble finding jobs,friends, and mates. Being discriminated against just adds to the emotional strain that overweight people have to deal with. Their depression from being obese can cause feelings of hopelessness,making it seem impossible for them to try to lose weight and change the way they look (WhyPeople Become Overweight). The book Food as a Drug describes some studies that have beendone to try and see if obesity could be considered the same as a drug dependency disorder.Foodcan sometimes be a powerful psychoactive substance, and one way to view eating disorders isto appreciate that food is a complex mixture and that the body responds to food as it does tochemicals, such as those found in alcohol and other psychoactive drugs. Eating disorders aretherefore chemical disorders (Food as a Drug). The food we eat in America is another factor contributing to the nations obese population. The desire for junk food has rapidly replaced the desire for fruits and vegetables and other healthy edibles. Who can blame people for buying it? Its easy, quick, cheap, and fun.What people can be blamed for is the amount they eat. Junk food defined is food packed withchemicals, sugar, and sodium, such as french fries, hamburgers, and sweets. Junk food is not justlimited to snacks fast food was put on the list when the calories, fat, sodium, and chemicalcontent surpassed the nutritional value. Although many health authorities insist that there is nosuch thing as junk food, consumers find it a useful term for distinguishing nourishing food from products whose chief appeal is fun, convenience, and addictive taste bet you cant eat just one(Junk Food). Americans are spending about $4. billion a year on potato chips, and 23. 5 billiona year on candy and gum. 46 Percent of adult Americans eat out on a typical day, and one thirdof them choose fast food. That is because the fast food industry has slowly become one of thesymbols of American culture and is spreading to other cultures as well McDonalds has 26,000locations in 119 countries, Pizza Hut has more than 10,000 in 86 countries, and Subway has14,500 in 75 countries. Commercials, signs, and huge advertisements are pushing junk food at usevery day people can not even go to the grocery store without candy bars being lined up right bythe checkout.The junk food industry realizes how appealing it can be. When a person is in arush, they can easily eat a large meal without having to make a lot of decisions, work, dress up,or get out of their car. The speed and convenience fit Americans pressured lifestyles. It does notfit, however, to our health and wellnes s. A fast food meal, such as a Burger King DoubleWhopper with cheese, contains 965 calories, more than double the amount of fat, and as much as750 grams too much sodium for the day. The food is providing all the wrong ingredients it hastoo much protein and fat and no fiber or vitamins. It is o wonder our nation is so overweightwhen the food they make habit of eating can be so dangerous. It is very unfortunate that Americans get to the point where fat caters to their hurried lifestyles. Junk food may not bealtogether toxic, but when it is eaten on a habitual basis it can be deadly (Junk Food). Excessive weight on the body can pose some extremely serious health risks. Just some of those risks are type 2 diabetes, infertility, hypertension, heart attacks, colon cancer, prostatecancer, hyperlipidemia, and breast cancer. The general mechanism for gaining weight is obviousand simple.When people consume more calories than the body can burn, the body stores thosecalories as fat tissue. Howe ver, some genetic factors can play a part, such as how the bodyregulates the metabolic rate and appetite. Some people use their genetics as an excuse, butactually those that have the predisposition to gaining weight do not have to be fat (Carson-Dewitt). People with only a moderate genetic predisposition to be overweight have a goodchance of losing weight on their own by eating fewer calories and getting more vigorous exercisemore often.These people are more likely to be able to maintain this lower weight (Why PeopleBecome Overweight). It is mainly the amount of fat that people make a habit of eating and their lifestyle that plays the biggest role in their overall health. Some symptoms of obesity are excessfatty tissue and excessive weight gain, causing arthritis, lower back pain and other orthopedic problems, hernias, heartburn, adult-onset asthma, high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure,gum disease, gallstones, skin disorders, shortness of breath that can be incapacitating, s leepapnea, and emotional and social problems.Studies have shown that individuals who are apple-shaped tend to have higher risks of risk heart disease, stroke, cancer, and diabetes than peoplewhose weight sits in their hips and thighs and are pear-shaped (Carson-Dewitt). The book Eating Disorders and Obesity points out also that where fat is deposited in the body makes adifference in disease risk. The intra-abdominal fat is very dangerous. In this area, fat cells produce harmful chemicals that go to the liver. Lipacidemia (the presence of fatty acid in the blood) obstructs oxygen and glucose from being transported to the muscles, thus increasing the bodys resistance to insulin.The book also shows statistics that adult onset diabetes is mostsensitive to weight gain. A gradient in risk of more than 50-fold is seen from the leanest to theheaviest men and women, and even modest gains in weight from age 18 to midlife are associatedwith an increase in risk several times greater than that o f a person who maintained a stableweight (Eating Disorders and Obesity). Increased BMI (body mass index) of 23 to 25 hadincreased abnormalities in blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and serum lipids.People who areoverweight may try to present the benefit of less hip fractures and broken bones than people whoare lean (because of more padding), but heart disease and diabetes are far more important anddangerous health risks. There are no benefits to being overweight (Eating Disorders andObesity). Preventing obesity at an early age is very beneficial to peoples health and self-esteem. Parents can prevent their children from becoming obese later in life more than they know. Theyneed to be role models for their children, and set examples of a good lifestyle.Regulating howmuch the child eats is important, especially what theyre eating. Sugar should be cut down, aswell as high-calorie snacks. Limiting time in front of the TV and computer could increase physical activity as well (Weight Mana gement). The article Obesity explains that obese adultswhose parents never taught them good eating and health habits have to take care of themselvesand change their lifestyles. Treating obesity is not just about quick weight loss, it is about settingup a lifelong pattern of good choices. Yo-Yo dieting is very dangerous and can increase a persons risk for fatal diseases. Behavior-focused treatment should concentrate on learning andunderstanding the fat content and overall nutritional value of most foods. Overweight individualsmay need to keep a food diary to record their calories and food choices, and change habits in grocery shopping, times of meals, and actual rate of eating. Some psychological factors, such ashow a person views food, could play a part. Some people overeat when they are under extremestress, for example, and see food as a comfort.Others may eat to reward themselves for success. Many views of food are contributing to why people gain weight so quickly, and if people c anidentify the psychological reasons behind why they eat so much, they could prevent a lot of problems. The article continues by describing how physical activity is another life habit that isvital to make. The amount of time someone spends exercising and being active can contributemuch to his or her overall health. As many as 85% of dieters who do not exercise on a regular basis regain their lost weight within two ears. In five years, the figure rises to 90%. Exerciseincreases the metabolic rate by creating muscle, which burns more calories than fat. Whenregular exercise is combined with regular, healthful meals, calories continue to burn at anaccelerated rate for several hours. When individuals work hard and build endurance, it helpsthem not feel discouraged. New activities and varied routines can help them not lose interest instaying active. Individuals trying to make these life changes would be wise to be encouraged andsupervised by a medical professional.Weight loss programs, su ch as Weight Watchers cansometimes be effective, as they emphasize realistic goals, sensible eating, gradual progress andexercise. However, some can be dangerous because they promise extreme weight loss and may put people on dangerous diet plans or pills. Most doctors would not approve of those, but wouldrecommend a low calorie diet (about 1200 to 1500 calories a day), or a liquid protein diet for upto three months. Along with the supervision of dieting and exercise, the doctor would probablyrecommend a psychiatrist to help the patient deal with their views on food.Sometimes appetite-suppressant pills are administered, which increase levels of serotonin or catecholamine,chemicals that control feelings of fullness. Food plays a huge part though getting the correct ratios of protein, carbohydrates, and good-quality fats can help in weight loss via enhancement of the metabolism. Support groups that are informed about healthy, nutritious, and balanced dietscan offer an individual the su pport he or she needs to maintain this type of eating regimen(Obesity).Obesity experts have made the point that monitoring fat consumption is moreimportant than just counting calories. Just 30 percent of calories eaten per day should come fromfat, and only one third of those calories should come from saturated fat (Obesity). Many Americans are trying to fight the battle against obesity. Many arent winning. Howcan they when packaging on junk food is distracting children from the salad bar, or when adultssee commercials for huge meals every 10 minutes on television? Food is being pushed atAmericans constantly there seems no way to get around the message of you have to eat. There seems to be no way to achieve fitness goals because there are too many obstacles. Whether a persons obstacles are their genetics and metabolism, their depression, or their habits andlifestyle, being overweight is one of the hardest things in life to deal with. The things that obese people have to deal with are very unfortunate. The health problems are harmful enough to well- being, but the cycle of depression and emotional problems that comes along with obesity in somany cases can be worse.Obese people have to walk through life constantly being reminded of their damaging habits and things can seem so hopeless. It is so important to start healthy habitsearly in life. The benefits of good behavior and good life patterns can make life more fulfilling,worth living for and longer lasting. Americans used to embrace healthy eating habits but thecountry got so busy that good ideals were thrown away. The problem of obesity is not just aboutfood it is about an entire lifestyle