Effect of Single Parent Household on Child Education

Effect of bingle P bent House plump for on Child upbringingABSTRACTThe question of whether assorted family twists up hand the commandal acquirement of tykeren is atomic total 53 that has been debated over a capacious sum of m iodiny of years and is still crushed scrutiny today. This theoretical pick out aims to grant to our understands of the links mingled with integrity set up family mental synthesiss and the affect it has on adolespennys procreation (12 17 year olds). It in deviateicular gives emphasis to private conjure families, heretofore alike considers different family structures, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as, families that consist of two put forwards, smell families, etc, which en adequates resemblance surrounded by the entropy and gives an typification of the breedingal goings amidst hotshot grow family households and other family structures. This comparison has facilitated an outline on coercive or nix achievements sens ation nurture families croupful hold on gentility. Lastly the lease assesses the entropy accessible between educational progression of adolescents from sensation(a)-mother families and adolescents create angiotensin-converting enzyme-father families. Re wait selective information has been collated from gameary coil attendd materials about wholeness upraise family structures and education, which were brinyly in the form of daybook articles each(prenominal) written by likely authors over the prehistoric 15 years. These statues of the sources utilise that lure the chance onup of knowledge and policy argon highly credible, as they be acknowledge by the accredited organisations that fork out al misfortunateed the first-string look to be driveed and the data publish. An analytic retrospect has been conducted on either the enquiry data examined and enabled the fol beginninging ferret outings although adolescents ar at amplify endangerment of om inous outcomes when quick in a superstar name family structure, the differences between adolescents from two refer and genius p atomic turn 18nt families is fairly un noniceable and adolescents pass on overridingly, non be abnormal in equipment casualty of educational achievement and occupational achiever.CHAPTER 1 explore PROCESSPrior to starting this field of operations, a all-round(prenominal) and tiny seek bidding both(prenominal)what the knowledge do of import of involution on wholeness stir families was under stockpilen, to provide the core foundations of the speculate. It was unavoidable to bring with a wide cast of verifyary sourced materials, which essential an extensive and analytical review, in order to hunt a triple-crown theoretical study on the chosen act A Critical Review The educational Performance of Adolescents from Single upraise Families. at that office was a vast amount of books and assorted methods of conduct in the way the learning needed could be obtained, in that locationfore a essay strategy was devised Refer to vermiform appendix 1 explore Journal intelligence rascal 5, which allow ind a light(a) and logical plan to collating the necessary look for data.The starting point for the inquiry knead was a search for relevant literature on the Manchester metropolitan University library website. This enabled access to the rudimentary electronic books, articles and on-line journals to provide the staple fibre background reading about the upshot under compendium. Later, a search for unhomogeneous journal articles that were non uncommitted on-line was carried out and copies were do of the relevant ones that could help with the study. Also, by and by conducting a library search on the books required, the ones that were unavailable were reserved for later, and formerly obtained, it was necessary to read them. Comprehensive nones were do of the issues hold around private put u page and the information perceived to be of high signifi heapce. Although, now a hook of background knowledge and data on the mental object national was established, it was noniced that the materials use were non genuinely contemporary, as roughly of the books and articles were make over 30 years ago. on that pointfore it was essential to engage with versatile online articles, including, The Times and journal databases, such(prenominal) as Demos to allow an epitome of a wider range of contemporary materials on the radical of interest. After collating and examining all the inquiry attained, the materials were syndissertationed to the most relevant ones that were produced over the past 15 years and those that were published by credited authors and organisations, to allow the study to hold hardness. In addition, a dateline was created, which consisted of dates as to when certain tasks and look into would be carried out, in order to batten down the search tasks and s tudy was establishedd beforehand the submission deadline.After the look process was complete, it was officially period to demoralize in a detailed critical analysis and rating on the role of atomic number 53 get up families and adolescents educational acquisition.CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTIONResearchInterestThe record of this inquiry is to find out whether the educational execution of instruments of adolescents (12 17 year olds) maintenance in whizz call forth households is different (better or worse) to those adolescents living in other family structures.The airfield of question interest is base around angiotensin-converting enzyme name families, particularly in relation to education and how children growing up in one resurrect households kitty affect their educational science. The focus is specifically on adolescents, as it has been argued by some practitioners who incur studied unity leaven families thatadolescence in particular is a crucial period in which to study naturalise mastery because educational achievement in the adolescent years has a direct influence on indicators of overall learning, such as high school step and college attendance (Heard, 2007 p.320).The curiosity for this progeny thing has stemmed from an man-to-man standpoint, with individualised experiences of creation increase in a iodin-mother household, and holding authoritative educational achievements, as average pedantic grades affirm always been met. all the same, in that location seemed to be negative expectations from tribe in society (teachers, extended family members, etc), who considered individuals from iodine set up households to be slight intellectually capable and to run little wholesome in education than those children from stable two elevate families. Hence, the nature of this study and the hoped outcome after(prenominal) the review of literature is that adolescents argon a good deal stereotyped because of their family structu re which whitethorn ask no or exquisiteer relevance to their educational performance.In the process of conducting the research required, a private interest on this take argona has developed furtherto a greater extent, because a dance band of different and fakeing views on private birth were found, which were non considered at first. For example, different explanations were observed on how a boys educational achievement is bear on when he is living in a integrity-mother household, which place be importantly different to him living in a hotshot-father household.As foregoingly narrated, the research was conducted by collating relevant research data on the topic argona and reviewing each article and information in depth to allow a detailed analysis of the main contentious issues, which included the notion that adolescents from atomic number 53 prove households perform slight hygienic in education than those living with two leavens, whizz p arnt families stand a need of property to invest in educational resources, boys are unfortunately affected than girls from iodine parent households, boys growing up without a father are much likely to do little salubrious in education, same with girls without their mother, and, die hardly, the nous that living in a single parent family consequences very weensy agnatic involvement in the adolescents education.After underlining the main contentious issues, a number of 3 questions were hypothesise to guide the study and allow a successful analysis and evaluation of the secondary research data. These comprised are adolescents from single parent families at a blemish to those of two parents in educational achievement? Secondly, are on that point any correspondingities or differences of the educational performance of adolescents between single-mother and single-father households? Lastly, do single-parents present runty involvement in their childrens educational attainment?Report body structure The structure of the report firstly consists of an wind to give the reader an brain wave to the study and what it deals with.Chapter 1 consists of the research process undertaken to allow the analysis of the research data. The section outlines the necessary steps taken when collating the research materials and provides the reader with a notion of the type of primary research previously conducted on the topic of single parent families.Chapter 2 is the opening chapter to explain the nature of the research. It includes information about where the curiosity in this face matter stemmed from, the main contentious issues discovered from the secondary source materials, the questions developed to guide the study and lastly, an overview of the main conclusion drawn.Chapter 3 agree a critical analysis on reports identified that deal with research and statistics conducted by political bodies, including the establish of Education. It evaluates the effectiveness of the secondary sourced materials used to complete the study and takes into account the strengths and denounceing of the materials analysed too indentifying the gaps at heart the topic area under scrutiny. The analysis on these reports allows the subject matter to be posture into a contemporary stage setting.Chapter 4 consists of an analysis and critique of schoolman literature conducted by various authors and publishers. This part identifies other issues, ideas and competing theories connect to children from single parent households and enables further arguments to be constructed. It withal analyses the sociological data collection and analysis methods used to obtain data to form the studies on single parent households.Chapter 5 deals with an examination of the previous sociological theories devised around single parent families and excessively the contemporary ones. This analysis allows an insight to theorists opinions and explanations of the differences in educational attainment.Chapter 6 incl udes the addition of a comprehensive conclusion, compromising a brief heavyset of the research and independent conclusions related to the study are goed. This section allows an understanding of face-to-face arguments and ideas made to contribute towards the concepts of the study and competing theories or interpretations. It also consists of a section that outlines the future wee and study that place be apply to develop the study of single parent families.Chapter 7, the last section contains a personal reflection on the engagement of the research conducted. It includes how and what has been learnt throughout the melt of the study, as well as, how personal interests defecate been impacted and changed as a result of the research process and the completion of the study.Main ConclusionsThe critical review has drawn together the testify on adolescents educational attainment from single parent family households. in that location is picture to order of battle that although ado lescents are at increased risk of adverse outcomes when living in a single parent family structure, the differences between adolescents from two parent families and single parent families is fairly insignifi bottomlandt and adolescents get out predominantly not be affected in terms of educational achievement and occupational success.The analysis has also exposed that family run and economic elements establish a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) influence than the type of family structure on an adolescents educational success.Furthermore, various sociological theories make believe been devised on the matter of single parent families, which commode be used in scene with the topic in hand.Lastly, research requests, the lack of educational success of adolescents universe brought up in single parent families is not bound to one cause sole(prenominal) a lot of altering factors play apart.CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF REPORTSThere are a number of reports published by governmental bodies, s uch as, the engraft of Education, that deal with research and statistics established around single parent families and education. This chapter compromises a critical analysis of 5 major(ip) reports published in the last 15 years, which are all acknowledged by governmental bodies.Causes of Single provehoodOver the space of a single generation the number of lot marrying has halved, the number divorcing has trebled and the resemblance of children natural outside man and wife has quadrupled (Lewis, 2001 p.37).It sack up be bring uped, that all of the above contribute to the factors related to the causes of single parenthood. The context of this statement has been assembled from data provided by the subdivision for Children Schools and Families (DCSF) from the 1970s to the year 2000. until now Lewis (2001) fails to look at contemporary data and statistics around the subject matter, which could alter the statement he has made. subject statistics truly declare that the number o f marriages in England and Wales steadily blush wine between 2001 and 2004 (Office for National Statistics, 2010), in that respectfore although the number of marriages whitethorn have halved over the space of a single generation (Lewis, 2001 p.37), Lewis (2001) does not look at the rise of marriages in certain periods and does not offer any rationalisation for such trends Refer to auxiliary 2 Statistics Graph paginate 48.In 2006 in Great Britain, 25% of dependent children were found to be living in single parent households with little or no get across with the second parent (Mooney et al, 2009). This regard holds credible status as it was obtained from the National Office for Statistics, neverthe little Mooney et al (2009) are unsuccessful in explaining how little or no contact is determined. There is no thesis or register of chapters that attempt to pee-pee sop up how they approached and justified their annunciation made, in that locationfore qualification it questio nable. Lewis (2001), Mooney et al (2009), amongst others also offer alternative explanations to single parenthood that are recognised inwardly the majority of the reports under analysis, which will be addressed throughout the course of study of this study.Effects of Single boothoodThe levels of single parenthood are forever rising the effect that this has on the adolescents living with a single parent is contested. Some argue in that location are no adverse consequences, whilst others give notice that at that place are clear implications for the adolescents, arguing endorse sharpens unequivocally that those children whose parents intermit are at signifi good dealtly greater risk than those whose parents remain together, for a wide range of adverse outcomes in cordial, psychological, and physical development (Pryor and Rodgers, 2001 p.73).These two positions offered are twain sanction up with establish, firstly yielding the consequences for adolescents, mainly pointing at the fact that thither is a considerable difference in educational achievement between those individuals from single parent families and those from thermonuclear family structures1. This point is mainly shown through the comparison of statistical data those who were brought up by single parents were almost doubly as likely to lack baronial qualifications (Kiernan, 1997 p.9). Again, the contradicting argument also uses similar procedures, such as statistical data to illustrate the indicate that argues individuals form single parent families are not negatively affectedthe difference between children from intact and non-intact families is a small one, and the majority of children will not be adversely affected (Mooney et al, 2009 p.3).Although two of these grand reads provide demo to back up their statements, they are not a 100 per cent warranted as gaps within their states still remain. For example, Mooney et al (2009) acknowledge that there is a small difference between s ingle parent and nuclear family structures and claim the majority of individuals from single parent families are not affected. However they fail to recognise the small proportion of individuals who are affected, forgetting to address the reasons to how and why only a minority of adolescents from single parent families suffer the alleged adverse consequences.Separation or DivorceIt is argued that adolescents whose parents fragmentize have the double prob cleverness of experiencing extensive-term negative outcomes in education than adolescents from nuclear family structures (Mooney et al, 2009). The long-term studies that have been conducted to show this include the analysis of statistical data throughout a certain period of time and longitudinal studies, monitoring adolescents from single parent households over a course of their lives. There is no specific comment of the long-term outcomes, and studies have taken place over a modification of periods, including, 5, 10 and 20 year s. There is also no precise measuring of a negative outcome, they tend to be the general opinions of the researcher or author rather than a factor defined through research or study there are various chapters throughout all the reports that constantly refer to the negative child outcomes next maternal musical interval (Mooney et al, 2009 p.13), however there is no mentioning of the measurements used to define these negative outcomes.A bod of research studies have indicated that adolescents who understand the breakdown of their own parents marriage in comparison to those who have not, hold trim back educational qualifications, lower part-time or full-time incomes and more expected to be va discountt in later life (Kiernan, 1997). This antepast is reasonably vindicated as Kiernan (1997) uses various statistical data from England to equation the educational achievements and employment roles of adults antique 33 who had been raised by single parents to those who had not. From her study, she found that there were a lower dower of adults who experience their parents musical interval than those brought up in nuclear family structures to commit to further educational studies. Also, there was a higher lot of adults brought up by single parents who were va layaboutt than those brought up by both parents (Kiernan, 1997). Although, she provides some statistical evidence to indicate those from single parent families possess low levels of educational attainment, Kiernan (1997) does not take into friendship the fact that her statistics show there was a higher proportion of individuals brought up by single parents holding O-Level qualifications in comparison to those who lived in a nuclear family structure Refer to Appendix 3 Table of Statistics rapscallion 49. She fails to provide an explanation for this statistic and in a sense seems to ignore this homophile(a) occurrence. The ignorance of this statistic suggests Kiernan (1997) is judging and concluding in a manner that does not inescapably match the evidence, which whitethorn indicate towards a personal or master key agenda. This personal agenda whitethorn simply be stereotypical views of those from single parent families, which loafer include the expectancy of donnish failure and low employment prospects.Also, teenage girls who have witnessed their parental divorce or interval have a higher prob cogency than their peers to begin previous(predicate) inner relations, to cohabit at earliest ages and commit to teenage pregnancies. To start advance(prenominal) sexual relations and think children young is one reason why a vast percentage of adolescent girls from single parent families perform less well in education than those living in nuclear family structures. The expresses of sexual relationships and pregnancy can often leave very little or no time to focus on study, commonalityly resulting in teenage mothers leaving education early and gaining little qualifications (Kie rnan, 1997). Although Kiernan (1997) makes such claims, she does not provide any evidence to justify them. There is no evidence of statistical data showing that teenage pregnancies are the result of being brought up by a single parent and no mention of any imperative measurements used to suggests such outcomes can occur so her explanations lack in logicality and can be contested in numerous ways.Economical Factors nonpareil economical factor that is argued to be common in single parenthood is the issue of living in meagerness. In comparison to nuclear families, single parents tend to be considerably monetaryly worse and statistics show 70% of single parents live in poverty (Evans et al, 2004). This is an accredited statistic obtained from the Department of exertion and Pensions, which gives an insight of the scale of monetary difficulties face up by single parents. impoverishment has been identified as one major factor that affects educational attainment at schools and used to explain the low educational performances of adolescents from single parent households, as a vast number of children living in single parent family structures are only ease by one parental income or through welfare benefits. In Britain in the 1990s, approximately 80% of single mothers relied on governmental benefits to shop at themselves and their children (Kiernan, 1997). Again, this statistic is credited and provides a right context to the argument being made, however it is not a contemporary piece of research. Today in new-made Britain a lot of people are facing fiscal difficulties because of different factors that can affect educational attainment, regardless of the type of family structure an individual is from. For example, in the current financial climate and the issues of the recession, many people are finding it difficult to cite jobs and storehouse their familys educational of necessity, such as, university education fees, college expenses, etc therefore adolesc ents from all family structures whitethorn have a lower educational attainment. Consequently there are more individuals today relying on governmental benefits to body forth their financial needs from the start of 2008, 800,000 individuals were claiming Job Seekers Allowance, then rose rapidly in 2009, where there was 1.5 million claimants (National Office for Statistics, 2010 Refer to Appendix 4 Statistics Article Page 50). Thus, Kiernans (1997) examination on pay does not give a valid insight to the contemporary issues affecting educational achievement. Also, Kiernan (1997) suggests that single parents do not have the financial champion from the second parent without any suited evidence. Conversely this is not necessarily true, if parents have detached or divorced, the second parent is obligated to contribute to the finance of his/her family if any dependent children are involved therefore although some single parents may face financial strain, there are others who still pi ck up financial help from their ex-partners. financial difficulty increases the chances of other variables connected with negative outcomes for the adolescents, including myopic nutrition, inadequate house, health issues and limited access to educational resources. Adolescents with poor nutrition will find it importantly difficult to concentrate at school during lessons, constricting their educational performances. Evidence shows a equilibrise feed and the consumption of adequate vitamins and nutrients can boost the ducking levels of pupils at school, making them more alert and attentive during class sessions (Welsh et all, 2004). This evidence offered is of widespread knowledge and back up by nutritionary specialists, such as, the British Nutrition stand (Stanner et al, 2010). Poor nutrition can also glide by to various long-term health problems, including Anorexia, Cardiovascular Disease, etc, which may require adolescents pickings a lot of time off school compared to those not living in poverty, therefore, again, limiting their educational performances (Mooney et al, 2009). A operable argument is made here, however there is a lack of evidence to get the suggestion that these health problems is a definite explanation as to why adolescents from single parent families can do poorly in education. Health problems can lead to taking time off school, however there is no reasonable miniature to why it specifically affects those from single parent families Anorexia and Cardiovascular Disease can affect any individual, not just those who lack a balanced diet and may be living in single parent families the causes of Anorexia range from a variety of factors, including, the media, societal shove and genetics (Russell, 2007). brusk housing conditions may make it difficult for adolescents to concentrate and complete coursework at home when required, resulting in some other limitation in educational attainment (Mooney et al, 2009). Another viable argument, however, again, there is a lack of evidence to support this claim it is not competent enough to suggest inadequate housing only affects those of single parent families, move valid knowledge and research is required to support such claims.Furthermore, it is contested limited funds can often neglect the scanty requirements of educational resources and materials to help during courses. For example, single parents may not be able to afford home computers, books, sportswear, etc that assist success in schools. Without the access to these resources adolescents from single parents are at a disadvantage in educational attainment compared to those adolescents living in nuclear families, supported by both parental incomes, thus an explanation for the questionable differences in educational achievement (Mooney et al, 2009). Although this is an explanation, Mooney et al (2009) fail to acknowledge the initiatives and support available for all family structures to overcome barriers when access ing educational resources. For example, public libraries are available to embrace books instead of buying them, libraries also facilitate throw in the towel access to computers and schools also provide support free access to educational materials. Therefore the claim that adolescents from single parents do not have the access to resources available in order to perform well in education is not credible and lacks knowledge of contemporary support.In addition, it is also argued, adolescents living with single parents may leave education early to gain employment to help with the financial circumstances, or work long shifts whilst still at school to fund their own wants and needs, which can in conclusion result in low educational attainment. Low qualifications and an early entre into employment can increase the prospects of low occupational achievement, little income, unemployment and state dependency (Kiernan, 1997). This argument is supported with evidence, as Kiernan (1997) uses s tatistical data to show that a lot of adolescents form single parent families do reckon early employment to assist their familys financial needs. However, she has no evidence to suggest that an early entry into employment can increase the chances of low occupational achievement, this is an assumption made, that without further education individuals cannot be in the labour market. However this is not necessarily accurate, there are individuals in the media who have excelled within the labour market without an education to college or degree level, for example, Sir Allen Sugar, a successful business entrepreneur (BBC, 2009).Although there is a certain lack of acknowledgement of various factors when arguing poverty is a major factor of adolescents academic failure from single parent families, there has been a study conducted of 2 nuclear families in America who experienced a hearty return in income. This identified that the financial pressure lead to increased opinion in both pare nts, combats throughout the family, behavior changes in the adolescents and a dispatch in their educational success in schools and in exams. (Conger et al, 1992). Therefore, there is some valid evidence to associate single parent poverty with educational success. Never the less, consideration must be given to the fact that educational failure in single parenthood is not only limited to financial strain.Social FactorsThe single parent family structure is frequently associated with social factors, such as a decrease in the quality and measuring stick of personal contact between adolescents and their non-residential parent. This can affect a teenagers educational attainment due to the lack of support from both parents to perform well in school (Kiernan, 1997). Although this statement is made, there is no substantial evidence or research conducted to support the argument. There is the assumption that teenagers will automatically have a decrease in the quality and quantity of perso nal contact with their second parent. However, this is may not be the case, parents after legal detachment can still have insouciant contact with their children on a regular basis thus the support from both parents to do well in education may not extraction. Misleading conclusions are being made, which suggest the author may hold biased views on this subject matter.It can be argued, single parents providing child care may also have limited time and energy they can dedicate to their children, particularly if durable hours of paid employment is necessary to defend financial stability. These decreases in parental resources, for example, help with homework, support and attention they can offer to their children, can increase the possibility of educational failure (Kiernan, 1997). Although the long working hours may have an impact on parental time available, there is no stop that declares a lack of parental time has a definite effect on educational attainment. Kiernan (1997) also ignores social networks that can provide support with educational attainment, such as, family, friends, neighbours, relatives, etc. It has been argued by many that social networks and support is crucial for the development of individuals intellectually, emotionally and socially strong networks allow the foundations to achieving success in academic and occupational careers (Hooyman and Kiak, 2008).psychological FactorsAmongst these social and economical explanations are psychological explanatory factors that attempt to clarify the educational differences between teenagers from single parent and nuclear family structures. It is argued that the notion of family direction during bereavement, divorce, separation, etc, can provide a vast amount of strain on the children, which can add onto the predominant stresses of educational attainment. A number of studies have exposed that parental conflict during separation can have a harmful impact on the adolescents well-being. This can result to lack of concentration during school class sessions, less motivation to complete designated assignments and a lack of class participation, which usually lead to academic failure (Kiernan, 1997). There is substantial evidence to suggest stress can be related to educational achievement and affect academic results obtained for instance there have been various observational and longitudinal studies that have discovered traumatic stress can lead to a decline in academic success (Hall, 2000). Whilst Kiernan (1997) takes into consideration the stresses of parental separation, she fails to acknowledge the relief some marital breakdowns can have for example, one where the child or partner was suffering physical abuse. In this situation a positive outcome could occur in educational attainment rather than the negativities of academic failure.Also research suggests that the parental ability to recover from distress of bereavement, separation and divorce can affect the childrens ability to fit to new changes. telling communication and frequent contact between the adolescents and both the resident and non-resident parents are important in assisting teenagers to adjust and adapt to change. If change is not original and the adolescents do not adapt, studies have discovered that there is a higher possibility of poor educational outcomes for teenagers from separated families than those from intact ones. The distress teenagers may face froEffect of Single Parent Household on Child EducationEffect of Single Parent Household on Child EducationABSTRACTThe question of whether different family structures affect the educational achievement of children is one that has been debated over a vast amount of years and is still under scrutiny today. This theoretical study aims to contribute to our understandings of the links between single parent family structures and the affect it has on adolescents education (12 17 year olds). It particularly gives emphasis to single parent families, ho wever also considers other family structures, such as, families that consist of two parents, step families, etc, which enables comparison between the data and gives an illustration of the educational differences between single parent family households and other family structures. This comparison has facilitated an analysis on positive or negative effects single parent families can possess on education. Lastly the study assesses the data available between educational attainment of adolescents from single-mother families and adolescents form single-father families. Research data has been collated from secondary sourced materials about single parent family structures and education, which were mainly in the form of journal articles all written by credible authors over the past 15 years. These statues of the sources used that influence the establishment of knowledge and policy are highly credible, as they are acknowledged by the accredited organisations that have allowed the primary rese arch to be conducted and the data published. An analytical review has been conducted on all the research data examined and enabled the following findings although adolescents are at increased risk of adverse outcomes when living in a single parent family structure, the differences between adolescents from two parent and single parent families is fairly insignificant and adolescents will predominantly, not be affected in terms of educational achievement and occupational success.CHAPTER 1 RESEARCH PROCESSPrior to starting this study, a comprehensive and detailed research process around the area of interest on single parent families was undertaken, to provide the core foundations of the study. It was necessary to engage with a wide variety of secondary sourced materials, which needed an extensive and analytical review, in order to carry a successful theoretical study on the chosen title A Critical Review The Educational Performance of Adolescents from Single Parent Families.There was a vast amount of literature and different methods of conduct in the way the information needed could be obtained, therefore a search strategy was devised Refer to Appendix 1 Research Journal Book Page 5, which included a clear and logical plan to collating the necessary research data.The starting point for the research process was a search for relevant literature on the Manchester Metropolitan University library website. This enabled access to the basic electronic books, articles and on-line journals to provide the basic background reading around the topic under analysis. Later, a search for various journal articles that were not available on-line was carried out and copies were made of the relevant ones that could help with the study. Also, after conducting a library search on the books required, the ones that were unavailable were reserved for later, and once obtained, it was necessary to read them. Comprehensive notes were made of the issues acknowledged around single parenthood and the information perceived to be of high significance. Although, now a lot of background knowledge and data on the subject matter was established, it was noticed that the materials used were not very contemporary, as some of the books and articles were published over 30 years ago. Therefore it was essential to engage with various online articles, including, The Times and journal databases, such as Demos to allow an analysis of a wider range of contemporary materials on the topic of interest. After collating and examining all the research attained, the materials were synthesised to the most relevant ones that were produced over the past 15 years and those that were published by credited authors and organisations, to allow the study to hold validity. In addition, a timeline was created, which consisted of dates as to when certain tasks and research would be carried out, in order to ensure the research tasks and study was completed before the submission deadline.After the research p rocess was complete, it was officially time to commence in a detailed critical analysis and evaluation on the role of single parent families and adolescents educational attainment.CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTIONResearchInterestThe nature of this research is to find out whether the educational performances of adolescents (12 17 year olds) living in single parent households is different (better or worse) to those adolescents living in other family structures.The area of research interest is based around single parent families, particularly in relation to education and how children growing up in one parent households can affect their educational attainment. The focus is specifically on adolescents, as it has been argued by some practitioners who have studied single parent families thatadolescence in particular is a crucial time in which to study school success because educational achievement in the teen years has a direct influence on indicators of overall attainment, such as high school gradu ation and college attendance (Heard, 2007 p.320).The curiosity for this subject matter has stemmed from an individual standpoint, through personal experiences of being raised in a single-mother household, and holding positive educational achievements, as average academic grades have always been met. However, there seemed to be negative expectations from people in society (teachers, extended family members, etc), who considered individuals from single parent households to be less intellectually capable and to perform less well in education than those children from stable two parent families. Hence, the nature of this study and the hoped outcome after the review of literature is that adolescents are often stereotyped because of their family structure which may have no or little relevance to their educational performance.In the process of conducting the research required, a personal interest on this topic area has developed furthermore, because a lot of different and altering views on single parenthood were found, which were not considered at first. For example, different explanations were discovered on how a boys educational achievement is affected when he is living in a single-mother household, which can be significantly different to him living in a single-father household.As previously stated, the research was conducted by collating relevant research data on the topic area and reviewing each article and information in depth to allow a detailed analysis of the main contentious issues, which included the notion that adolescents from single parent households perform less well in education than those living with two parents, single parent families have a lack of funds to invest in educational resources, boys are adversely affected than girls from single parent households, boys growing up without a father are more likely to do less well in education, same with girls without their mother, and, lastly, the idea that living in a single parent family consequences very little parental involvement in the adolescents education.After underlining the main contentious issues, a number of 3 questions were formulated to guide the study and allow a successful analysis and evaluation of the secondary research data. These comprised are adolescents from single parent families at a disadvantage to those of two parents in educational achievement? Secondly, are there any similarities or differences of the educational performance of adolescents between single-mother and single-father households? Lastly, do single-parents have little involvement in their childrens educational attainment?Report StructureThe structure of the report firstly consists of an abstract to give the reader an insight to the study and what it deals with.Chapter 1 consists of the research process undertaken to allow the analysis of the research data. The section outlines the necessary steps taken when collating the research materials and provides the reader with a notion of the type of prima ry research previously conducted on the topic of single parent families.Chapter 2 is the introductory chapter to clarify the nature of the research. It includes information about where the curiosity in this subject matter stemmed from, the main contentious issues discovered from the secondary source materials, the questions developed to guide the study and lastly, an overview of the main conclusion drawn.Chapter 3 compromise a critical analysis on reports identified that deal with research and statistics conducted by governmental bodies, including the Institute of Education. It evaluates the effectiveness of the secondary sourced materials used to complete the study and takes into account the strengths and weakness of the materials analysed also indentifying the gaps within the topic area under scrutiny. The analysis on these reports allows the subject matter to be put into a contemporary context.Chapter 4 consists of an analysis and critique of academic literature conducted by vari ous authors and publishers. This part identifies other issues, ideas and competing theories related to children from single parent households and enables further arguments to be constructed. It also analyses the sociological data collection and analysis methods used to obtain data to form the studies on single parent households.Chapter 5 deals with an examination of the previous sociological theories devised around single parent families and also the contemporary ones. This analysis allows an insight to theorists opinions and explanations of the differences in educational attainment.Chapter 6 includes the addition of a comprehensive conclusion, compromising a brief summary of the research and independent conclusions related to the study are offered. This section allows an understanding of personal arguments and ideas made to contribute towards the concepts of the study and competing theories or interpretations. It also consists of a section that outlines the future work and study th at can be implemented to develop the study of single parent families.Chapter 7, the last section contains a personal reflection on the engagement of the research conducted. It includes how and what has been learnt throughout the course of the study, as well as, how personal interests have been impacted and changed as a result of the research process and the completion of the study.Main ConclusionsThe critical review has drawn together the evidence on adolescents educational attainment from single parent family households. There is evidence to show that although adolescents are at increased risk of adverse outcomes when living in a single parent family structure, the differences between adolescents from two parent families and single parent families is fairly insignificant and adolescents will predominantly not be affected in terms of educational achievement and occupational success.The analysis has also exposed that family functioning and economic factors have a higher influence tha n the type of family structure on an adolescents educational success.Furthermore, various sociological theories have been devised on the matter of single parent families, which can be used in context with the topic in hand.Lastly, research indicates, the lack of educational success of adolescents being brought up in single parent families is not limited to one cause only a lot of altering factors play apart.CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF REPORTSThere are a number of reports published by governmental bodies, such as, the Institute of Education, that deal with research and statistics established around single parent families and education. This chapter compromises a critical analysis of 5 major reports published in the last 15 years, which are all acknowledged by governmental bodies.Causes of Single birthOver the space of a single generation the number of people marrying has halved, the number divorcing has trebled and the proportion of children born outside marriage has quadrupled (Lewis, 20 01 p.37).It can be suggested, that all of the above contribute to the factors related to the causes of single parenthood. The context of this statement has been assembled from data provided by the Department for Children Schools and Families (DCSF) from the 1970s to the year 2000. However Lewis (2001) fails to look at contemporary data and statistics around the subject matter, which could alter the statement he has made. National statistics actually declare that the number of marriages in England and Wales steadily rose between 2001 and 2004 (Office for National Statistics, 2010), therefore although the number of marriages may have halved over the space of a single generation (Lewis, 2001 p.37), Lewis (2001) does not look at the rise of marriages in certain periods and does not offer any rationalisation for such trends Refer to Appendix 2 Statistics Graph Page 48.In 2006 in Great Britain, 25% of dependent children were found to be living in single parent households with little or n o contact with the second parent (Mooney et al, 2009). This figure holds credible status as it was obtained from the National Office for Statistics, however Mooney et al (2009) are unsuccessful in explaining how little or no contact is determined. There is no thesis or evidence of chapters that attempt to make clear how they approached and justified their declaration made, therefore making it questionable. Lewis (2001), Mooney et al (2009), amongst others also offer alternative explanations to single parenthood that are recognised within the majority of the reports under analysis, which will be addressed throughout the course of this study.Effects of Single ParenthoodThe levels of single parenthood are continuously rising the effect that this has on the adolescents living with a single parent is contested. Some argue there are no adverse consequences, whilst others suggest that there are clear implications for the adolescents, arguingevidence indicates unequivocally that those child ren whose parents separate are at significantly greater risk than those whose parents remain together, for a wide range of adverse outcomes in social, psychological, and physical development (Pryor and Rodgers, 2001 p.73).These two positions offered are both backed up with evidence, firstly showing the consequences for adolescents, mainly pointing at the fact that there is a considerable difference in educational achievement between those individuals from single parent families and those from nuclear family structures1. This evidence is mainly shown through the comparison of statistical data those who were brought up by single parents were almost twice as likely to lack formal qualifications (Kiernan, 1997 p.9). Again, the contradicting argument also uses similar procedures, such as statistical data to illustrate the evidence that argues individuals form single parent families are not negatively affectedthe difference between children from intact and non-intact families is a small o ne, and the majority of children will not be adversely affected (Mooney et al, 2009 p.3).Although both of these grand claims provide evidence to back up their statements, they are not a 100 per cent warranted as gaps within their claims still remain. For example, Mooney et al (2009) acknowledge that there is a small difference between single parent and nuclear family structures and claim the majority of individuals from single parent families are not affected. However they fail to recognise the small proportion of individuals who are affected, forgetting to address the reasons to how and why only a minority of adolescents from single parent families suffer the alleged adverse consequences.Separation or DivorceIt is argued that adolescents whose parents separate have the double chance of experiencing long-term negative outcomes in education than adolescents from nuclear family structures (Mooney et al, 2009). The long-term studies that have been conducted to show this include the an alysis of statistical data throughout a certain period of time and longitudinal studies, monitoring adolescents from single parent households over a course of their lives. There is no specific definition of the long-term outcomes, and studies have taken place over a variety of periods, including, 5, 10 and 20 years. There is also no precise measurement of a negative outcome, they tend to be the general opinions of the researcher or author rather than a factor defined through research or study there are various chapters throughout all the reports that constantly refer to the negative child outcomes following parental separation (Mooney et al, 2009 p.13), however there is no mentioning of the measurements used to define these negative outcomes.A variety of research studies have indicated that adolescents who witness the breakdown of their own parents marriage in comparison to those who have not, hold lower educational qualifications, lower part-time or full-time incomes and more expec ted to be unemployed in later life (Kiernan, 1997). This expectancy is reasonably vindicated as Kiernan (1997) uses various statistical data from England to compare the educational achievements and employment roles of adults aged 33 who had been raised by single parents to those who had not. From her study, she found that there were a lower percentage of adults who experienced their parents separation than those brought up in nuclear family structures to commit to further educational studies. Also, there was a higher percentage of adults brought up by single parents who were unemployed than those brought up by both parents (Kiernan, 1997). Although, she provides some statistical evidence to indicate those from single parent families possess low levels of educational attainment, Kiernan (1997) does not take into consideration the fact that her statistics show there was a higher proportion of individuals brought up by single parents holding O-Level qualifications in comparison to thos e who lived in a nuclear family structure Refer to Appendix 3 Table of Statistics Page 49. She fails to provide an explanation for this statistic and in a sense seems to ignore this odd occurrence. The ignorance of this statistic suggests Kiernan (1997) is judging and concluding in a manner that does not necessarily match the evidence, which may indicate towards a personal or professional agenda. This personal agenda may simply be stereotypical views of those from single parent families, which can include the expectancy of academic failure and low employment prospects.Also, teenage girls who have witnessed their parental divorce or separation have a higher probability than their peers to begin early sexual relations, to cohabit at early ages and commit to teenage pregnancies. To start early sexual relations and conceive children young is one reason why a vast percentage of adolescent girls from single parent families perform less well in education than those living in nuclear famil y structures. The stresses of sexual relationships and pregnancy can often leave very little or no time to focus on study, commonly resulting in teenage mothers leaving education early and gaining little qualifications (Kiernan, 1997). Although Kiernan (1997) makes such claims, she does not provide any evidence to justify them. There is no evidence of statistical data showing that teenage pregnancies are the result of being brought up by a single parent and no mention of any imperative measurements used to suggests such outcomes can occur thus her explanations lack in validity and can be contested in numerous ways.Economical FactorsOne economical factor that is argued to be common in single parenthood is the issue of living in poverty. In comparison to nuclear families, single parents tend to be considerably financially worse and statistics show 70% of single parents live in poverty (Evans et al, 2004). This is an accredited statistic obtained from the Department of Work and Pension s, which gives an insight of the scale of financial difficulties faced by single parents. Poverty has been identified as one major factor that affects educational attainment at schools and used to explain the low educational performances of adolescents from single parent households, as a vast number of children living in single parent family structures are only supported by one parental income or through welfare benefits. In Britain in the 1990s, approximately 80% of single mothers relied on governmental benefits to support themselves and their children (Kiernan, 1997). Again, this statistic is credited and provides a sound context to the argument being made, however it is not a contemporary piece of research. Today in modern Britain a lot of people are facing financial difficulties because of different factors that can affect educational attainment, regardless of the type of family structure an individual is from. For example, in the current financial climate and the issues of the recession, many people are finding it difficult to maintain jobs and fund their familys educational needs, such as, university tuition fees, college expenses, etc therefore adolescents from all family structures may have a lower educational attainment. Consequently there are more individuals today relying on governmental benefits to support their financial needs from the start of 2008, 800,000 individuals were claiming Job Seekers Allowance, then rose rapidly in 2009, where there was 1.5 million claimants (National Office for Statistics, 2010 Refer to Appendix 4 Statistics Article Page 50). Thus, Kiernans (1997) examination on finance does not give a valid insight to the contemporary issues affecting educational achievement. Also, Kiernan (1997) suggests that single parents do not have the financial support from the second parent without any suitable evidence. Conversely this is not necessarily true, if parents have separated or divorced, the second parent is obligated to contribut e to the finance of his/her family if any dependent children are involved therefore although some single parents may face financial strain, there are others who still receive financial help from their ex-partners.Financial difficulty increases the chances of other variables connected with negative outcomes for the adolescents, including poor nutrition, inadequate housing, health issues and limited access to educational resources. Adolescents with poor nutrition will find it significantly difficult to concentrate at school during lessons, limiting their educational performances. Evidence shows a balanced diet and the consumption of adequate vitamins and nutrients can boost the concentration levels of pupils at school, making them more alert and attentive during class sessions (Welsh et all, 2004). This evidence offered is of widespread knowledge and supported by nutritional specialists, such as, the British Nutrition Foundation (Stanner et al, 2010). Poor nutrition can also lead to v arious long-term health problems, including Anorexia, Cardiovascular Disease, etc, which may require adolescents taking a lot of time off school compared to those not living in poverty, therefore, again, limiting their educational performances (Mooney et al, 2009). A viable argument is made here, however there is a lack of evidence to support the suggestion that these health problems is a definite explanation as to why adolescents from single parent families can do poorly in education. Health problems can lead to taking time off school, however there is no reasonable clarification to why it specifically affects those from single parent families Anorexia and Cardiovascular Disease can affect any individual, not just those who lack a balanced diet and may be living in single parent families the causes of Anorexia range from a variety of factors, including, the media, social pressure and genetics (Russell, 2007).Inadequate housing conditions may make it difficult for adolescents to con centrate and complete coursework at home when required, resulting in another limitation in educational attainment (Mooney et al, 2009). Another viable argument, however, again, there is a lack of evidence to support this claim it is not sufficient enough to suggest inadequate housing only affects those of single parent families, move valid knowledge and research is required to support such claims.Furthermore, it is contested limited funds can often neglect the extra requirements of educational resources and materials to help during courses. For example, single parents may not be able to afford home computers, books, sportswear, etc that assist success in schools. Without the access to these resources adolescents from single parents are at a disadvantage in educational attainment compared to those adolescents living in nuclear families, supported by both parental incomes, thus an explanation for the questionable differences in educational achievement (Mooney et al, 2009). Although th is is an explanation, Mooney et al (2009) fail to acknowledge the initiatives and support available for all family structures to overcome barriers when accessing educational resources. For example, public libraries are available to borrow books instead of buying them, libraries also facilitate free access to computers and schools also provide support free access to educational materials. Therefore the claim that adolescents from single parents do not have the access to resources available in order to perform well in education is not credible and lacks knowledge of contemporary support.In addition, it is also argued, adolescents living with single parents may leave education early to gain employment to help with the financial circumstances, or work long shifts whilst still at school to fund their own wants and needs, which can ultimately result in low educational attainment. Low qualifications and an early entry into employment can increase the prospects of low occupational achieveme nt, little income, unemployment and state dependency (Kiernan, 1997). This argument is supported with evidence, as Kiernan (1997) uses statistical data to show that a lot of adolescents form single parent families do enter early employment to assist their familys financial needs. However, she has no evidence to suggest that an early entry into employment can increase the chances of low occupational achievement, this is an assumption made, that without further education individuals cannot succeed in the labour market. However this is not necessarily accurate, there are individuals in the media who have excelled within the labour market without an education to college or degree level, for example, Sir Allen Sugar, a successful business entrepreneur (BBC, 2009).Although there is a certain lack of acknowledgement of various factors when arguing poverty is a major factor of adolescents academic failure from single parent families, there has been a study conducted of 2 nuclear families in America who experienced a substantial decrease in income. This identified that the financial pressure lead to increased depression in both parents, conflicts throughout the family, behaviour changes in the adolescents and a drop in their educational success in schools and in exams. (Conger et al, 1992). Therefore, there is some valid evidence to associate single parent poverty with educational success. Never the less, consideration must be given to the fact that educational failure in single parenthood is not only limited to financial strain.Social FactorsThe single parent family structure is frequently associated with social factors, such as a decrease in the quality and quantity of personal contact between adolescents and their non-residential parent. This can affect a teenagers educational attainment due to the lack of support from both parents to perform well in school (Kiernan, 1997). Although this statement is made, there is no substantial evidence or research conducted to su pport the argument. There is the assumption that teenagers will automatically have a decrease in the quality and quantity of personal contact with their second parent. However, this is may not be the case, parents after separation can still have daily contact with their children on a regular basis thus the support from both parents to do well in education may not decline. Misleading conclusions are being made, which suggest the author may hold biased views on this subject matter.It can be argued, single parents providing childcare may also have limited time and energy they can dedicate to their children, particularly if longer hours of paid employment is necessary to maintain financial stability. These decreases in parental resources, for example, help with homework, support and attention they can offer to their children, can increase the possibility of educational failure (Kiernan, 1997). Although the long working hours may have an impact on parental time available, there is no ver ification that declares a lack of parental time has a definite effect on educational attainment. Kiernan (1997) also ignores social networks that can provide support with educational attainment, such as, family, friends, neighbours, relatives, etc. It has been argued by many that social networks and support is crucial for the development of individuals intellectually, emotionally and socially strong networks allow the foundations to achieving success in academic and occupational careers (Hooyman and Kiak, 2008).Psychological FactorsAmongst these social and economical explanations are psychological explanatory factors that attempt to clarify the educational differences between teenagers from single parent and nuclear family structures. It is argued that the notion of family stress during bereavement, divorce, separation, etc, can provide a vast amount of strain on the children, which can add onto the predominant stresses of educational attainment. A number of studies have exposed tha t parental conflict during separation can have a harmful impact on the adolescents well-being. This can result to lack of concentration during school class sessions, less motivation to complete designated assignments and a lack of class participation, which usually lead to academic failure (Kiernan, 1997). There is substantial evidence to suggest stress can be related to educational achievement and affect academic results obtained for instance there have been various observational and longitudinal studies that have discovered traumatic stress can lead to a decline in academic success (Hall, 2000). Whilst Kiernan (1997) takes into consideration the stresses of parental separation, she fails to acknowledge the relief some marital breakdowns can have for example, one where the child or partner was suffering physical abuse. In this situation a positive outcome could occur in educational attainment rather than the negativities of academic failure.Also research suggests that the parental ability to recover from distress of bereavement, separation and divorce can affect the childrens ability to adapt to new changes. Effective communication and frequent contact between the adolescents and both the resident and non-resident parents are important in assisting teenagers to adjust and adapt to change. If change is not accepted and the adolescents do not adapt, studies have discovered that there is a higher possibility of poor educational outcomes for teenagers from separated families than those from intact ones. The distress teenagers may face fro

Searles Speech Acts An Analysis

Searles destination Acts An AnalysisDiscuss Searles Speech Acts (include Felicity Conditions and Performatives)Searle took a philosophy of language approach to pitch modus operandis in an attempt to give philosophically illumination description of general features of language He aimed to answer various question in his approach What is the residue in the midst of saying something and moment it? How does the he arr understand what is meant? (Searle,1969). The term speech proceeds is used to define an utterance that has performative function in language and dialogue (Searle 1969) and was originally used by his mentor J.L. Austin in his possibility of lectionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Drawing on these linguistic practices of Austin, Searle used his framework to base his consume thesis that talking is performing acts according to rules. In the next sections I shall refer to Searles main scope of speech acts in terms of linguistic categorization and a rule-go verned language.When it comes to explaining speech acts Searle suggests three different concepts rules, prepositions and meaning. He was partlyicularly interested in the illocutionary act of promising performatives and so fasten out to describe these concepts based on the take aims of this performance of promising. As part of his theory of a rule-governed language Searle made a line between regulative and constitutive rules. In his book An essay of philosophy of language he states that regulative rules regulate independently existing forms of deportment scarce constitutive rules do not merely regulate, they create or define new form of conduct (Searle,1969). For example, take the rules of Ameri rout out football game the touch reduce rule is constitutive versus the no taunting rule which is regulative. A mo concept, prepositions, provide the content of the illocutionary act which can be used in different types of acts. For example, Lucy will you sit down Lucy, sit would you sit down Lucy? all provide the same prepositional content even though they are different forms of illocutionary acts. In terms of meaning, Searle revised the ideas of Grice and proposed modification in insisting that not only is meaning rooted in the speakers intentions but also by a matter of convention (Searle,1969). Based on his ideas one can say that the speaker initially intends for the hearer to identify his/her intention to produce that lectionary affect and secondly, he/she intends that this is indicated by the hearers understanding of the meaning words used in the context. These intentions can only act collectively with conventions of words for affective communication (Elswyk,2014).The notion of promising is an action referred to as a performative. Searles theory of performatives is that some illocutionary acts can be performed by uttering a sentence containing an expression that names the type of speech act these are called performative utterances. He insisted on the imp ortance of distinguishing between different kinds of performatives utterances, verbs and sentences. For Searle, performatives can be used in different counsellings, one can use it to stray or make a declaration.For a speech act to deliver the goods its purpose the correct conditions must be in place, these conditions are called bliss conditions. Thus, a sentence must be grammatical and felicitous to be performed correctly. Originally a concept by Austin, there are 3 types of felicity conditions preparatory conditions, a sincerity condition and a accomplishment condition. Searle later refined this changing the fulfilment condition to essential condition and introduced a fourth condition called the propositional content condition. Consider this example I jokingly say to friends I know pronounce you man and married woman I have not actually married them because I do not have the authority to these words to have the correct illocutionary soak up thus the speech act fails. The feli city conditions of marrying couples rely on the returnual position of the speaker (Hogan, 2000).Searle offered characterizations of linguistic elements in attempt to give a clear depiction of the difference between one illocutionary force and another. on that point had been previous attempts by Austin to distinguish between such elements in which he established five basic acts Verdictives, exercitives, commissives, expositives, behavitives. Searle ultimately believed that the taxonomy needs to be seriously revised because it contains several weaknesses. One major weakness world that Austin did not determine a clear principle or set of principles on which the taxonomy was based upon and thus there was overlap between categories (Searle,1976). Therefore, a new list of new categories he regarded as the basic principle of illocutionary acts were formed. Firstly (1) declarations which effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs, I swear (2) expressives which expre ss a psychological state and how the speaker feels, e.g. congratulating (3) commissives which is an act of getting the speaker to do something you require, e.g. threatening or promising (4) directives which are attempt to get the addressee to do something, e.g. demanding. Finally (5) assertives which represent the state of the situation, e.g. describing (Searle,1972).To summarise, Searles philosophic approach to speech acts proposes that speaking a language is a behaviour determined by constitutive rules. He further implies that one performs an illocutionary act by promising, directing and questioning and perlocutionary acts are affective if it has the correct effect on the hearer. These acts are governed by linguistic concepts and rules and successful communication can only occur if these are in place. Searle develops Austins ideas in a way that provides a clearer and in depth understanding of different kinds of speech acts and the image they play in speaking.

Deep River Shusaku Endo English Literature Essay

Deep River Shusaku Endo English Literature EssayShusaku Endo has had a long c areer in literary works. He has written several(prenominal) very compelling novels that dive deep down into the journey of religious learning. He has fixated or so of his writings on two main crossbreeding issues such as eastern and western cultures specific whollyy between Japanese culture and Christianity. His novels have sited a wide range of issues of heathenish and eldritch identity, alienation, and personal pledge to faith. The taradiddle he wrote Deep River is a bewitching journey of revelation for the char fareers involved, especially the relationship between Mitsuko has with Otsu.Otsu and Mitsuko first collect in college, Otsu is an awkward religious student and Mitsuko is a woman who has no real passion for lifetime. She decides she wants to steal Otsu away from the god he believes in. She invites Otsu to a party to ask him about his beliefs, to my surprise he comes clean formulation he i s unsure of what he believes in. Mitsuko forces Otsu to drink and wont stop forcing him until he forsakes god, but he drinks till he throws up, never giving up on god. No it sounds like these two would never see separately other again after some social function like that. To your dismay Mitsuko move distribute Otsu be, she says he must falsify his belief in god. She then gives him the prospect to be her boyfriend if he gives up his faith. I h integritystly cant believe anyone would force that upon someone. To my dismay they end up having sex and geological dating for several months until she breaks his heart. Otsu now depressed, leaves and doesnt return, although they do of course, meet again. Mitsuko has a problem because she feels no passion in life she goes through her life and this story with a horrible feeling of emptiness in herselfOn Mitsukos Honeymoon preferably of spending time with her new husband she hears Otsu is in France and searches him out. They meet up and com e up with a new word for god onion plant because to Mitsuko the term god means no occasion. Otsu is on the complete opposite page, state god is everything everywhere. The French actually say he is a dissenter for his beliefs that other religions are also true and that god uses both ill-doing and suffering for the greater honourable. Otsu is opposed by his teachers because of this statement he gives deplorable lurks within good, and good thingsgood things can lie within wickedness as well (65). I believe what Endo is trying to express be that god has the power to convert every sin into some contour of good. Later in the story another quote comes up, god has numerous faces. I dont cogitate god exists exclusively in the churches and chapels of Europe. I think he is also among the Jews and the Buddhists and the Hindus (121). Otsu wants to live a life of selfless return for all people, which at the time Mitsuko finds to be a waste of time. I believe the reason she seeks out Ots u so many times in the story even though she doesnt really know what it she is intrusive for she is searching for god which in the end brings adore. Otsu signifies a belief in wiz of all. He believes in combining all faiths and caring for all mankind, generating an massive social assembly of love.Even with being called a heretic, Otsu never revokes his beliefs and maintains a strong faith and trust in Jesus. While talking to Mitsuko he decides to tell her he has dedicated his existence to chasing only one thing the love of that onion, Love is all the onion has imparted to us. The thing we are most lacking in our modern world is love love is the thing no one believes in anymore love is what everyone mockingly laughs at, and that is why someone like me wants to follow my onion with dumb sincerity (119). Otsu follows his beliefs to India at the river Ganges. This is a place that is very sacred to the Hindus, they travel here when they are destruction with the hope to have their bo dies cremated and their ashes spread into the holy river. Otsu goes here to generate himself so he can help these people make the dying journey. He literally carries the people to the river who can barely walk.Sacrifice is the nidus of Otsus faith. Jesus is the number one symbol of gift. He gave up his life for mankinds sins. Jesus symbolically lugs all of the anguishes of mankind on his shoulders when he is make to carry his own cross to death. Otsu imitates the carrying of suffering by plainly transporting the deceased and dying on his back to the River Ganges. Otsu sees more than just the task he is doing, he feels something pure and necessary in putting the suffering of others on his shoulders, by sacrificing himself. Mitsuko sees what Otsu is doing as a waste of his own life, because he is get cryptograph out of it in her eyes. Otsu knows he will not channelise the world or cure suffering, he is doing this act of capitulate for the good of the people, if there is a bene fit that comes from it then Otsu knows the act will not be the true good act of sacrifice.By the end of the story you start to get the feeling that Mitsuko finally understands the belief of sacrifice and love for others. She decides to bathe in the holy river joining the Hindus with her own prayer, which she still believes is a lie, she still has that emptiness until she sees the ultimate sacrifice.Sacrifice is to give and receive nothing in return except for happiness in you. To love is to sacrifice Otsu makes sacrifices for people trying to turn their sorrow into love. The end of the story brings the biggest sacrifice, when Otsu becomes mortally wounded, while saving Sanjo, who is a person who most wouldnt sacrifice for because of his cultural insensitiveness. But because Otsu and his beliefs he saves the man and in the end giving his life. This act makes his sacrifice even greater, he is not sacrificing for a loved one or a family member but for a stranger who does not know or ap preciate what Otsu does for him. Otsu has Christ-like, selfless love that rises above all cultural, racial, and religious prejudices to embrace all of humanity, just like the river Ganges, which he saw as a deep and flowing river of love accepting all, rejecting neither the ugliest of men nor the filthiest (185). This is when we finally understand what lies at the heart of Christianity Love and sacrifice for others. Otsus sacrifice is one of pure love for mankind, deaf, blind and dumb to how slothful it may be.

Can Infrasonic Waves Kill You?

Can infrasonic Waves Kill You?IntroductionHave you ever experienced nausea, paranoia, and the feeling of being watched? If so, you might be under the effects of infrasound. Infrasound is any sound land than 20 Hz (Hertz). Infrasound faeces be created by man-made objects or nature. It can be created by nature from things alike(p) severe weather, surf, downwind waves, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanoes, bolides, waterfalls, lightning, calving of icebergs, upper-atmospheric lightning, and auroras and it can be created by human made objects like sonic booms, explosions, machinery, wind turbines, and subwoofers. Infrasound can be used as many a(prenominal) things like a weapon, an early warning of natural disasters, or it can be used to locate things. Elephants, whales, giraffes, rhinoceros, alligators, and okapis also use infrasonic waves to communicate. (Wikipedia, 2012), (Trueghost, n.d.)An representative of infrasound as a weapon is that in World War I it was used to locate thin gs such as artillery, which facilitated soldiers to realise what to do because they knew the post of the enemys weapons not allowing the enemy to do a surprise attack. Another utilization is that it is used to locate tornadoes minutes before they touch down. Another interpreter in which infrasound is used is that migrating birds use infrasound when they migrate. They sense infrasound from turbulent airflows as a navigational aid or GPS. (Wikipedia, 2012)A very frequently asked disbelief is Can infrasonic waves kill you? The answer to this question is yes but dont handle because not all frequencies of infrasound can really hurt you. This lethal frequence lies in 7 Hz. It is believed that 7 Hz is lethal because it check up ones the frequencies of your brain and organs. This match of frequencies can cause serious damage to your body or as yet death. Nausea, nervousness, cold, paranoia, depression, and blurred moments in peripheral vision are some park feeling that can be caus ed by infrasound. (Wikipedia, 2012), (Lowertheboom, n.d.)In this experiment our inquiry question is Can humans sense infrasound? Our hypothesis for this project is that if we pretend at least four test subjects (two male and two female) and rear sounds less than 20 hertz then, we allow for be able to know if humans can sense infrasound because of our results. Through our seek we found that when community are exposed to infrasound they end up feeling uncomfortable. That makes us work out that even though humans do not necessarily unwrap infrasound they can sense it. (Lowertheboom, n.d.)Natural disasters such as earthquakes can spend a penny infrasound. If we could sense or feel the infrasound waves we would be able to predict or protect ourselves from a natural disaster without the need of modern technology. excessively if this experiment goes the way we expect, humans would be able to use it in their favor. We will also help people to prevent infrasonic waves so that peopl e wont harm themselves. (Serendip, 2012)We predict that all of our human subjects will sense infrasound. We think that all of our human subjects will sense infrasound because with our research we have seen that when people are exposed to infrasound they have side effects.The approximately common side effect will probably be business and nausea.Some of the human results can vary because of age or gender of the subject. We ponder that the younger test subjects will be able to sense infrasound die because of theirage.

Sweat By Zora Neale Hurston :: essays research papers

Delia, a scarperer in a rough of weeds. That is what I got from this story in one sentence, although knowing my grammar possibly not. Hurstons tommyrot of a shattered woman, gives us a glimpse into what was possibly the aliveness of women at that time. at that place were many convictions against men in the story, although it may halt been unintentional, not to say she was a hard-core feminist there were episodes of manly remorse. Narrator, this was a third somebody account, thus leaving much to the imagination. The colloquys language was left as if truly taken from an African American speaker in the s bug come outh in such a time. The way Hurston made the scenery appear before me was like a white sheet gets stained with red wine, unable to wash out of my mind. The narration was very brut in a grammatical manner, large(p) a wash bucket effect of never being settled. some of the storys aspects were dominated by setting a soft rise and crashing climax. There were many such cl imaxes, Pg. 2, Pg. 7, and Pg. 9, give this such evidence. The flow kept me interested, and would grasp my attention as a TV display would. Although is context was far from a TV show. There was much dress down about civil lifestyles by the town folk, which were a particularly an suspicious selection of people to intervene in such a story. Although the response witnessed by this allowed us to get another insight, from a second person perspective. Hurston was very clear about here point of irony, especially by the ending. Hurston kept constant the folk lore style of story telling, by keeping a moral to the story. Many of the stories aspects in moral were shown indistinctively. There were not many hidden messages, Hurston made the story clear to let us easily grasp the moral. There were fore-telling of the end through out the story, such as in the 1st paragraph Pg.

Analysis of Industries :: Technology Manufacturing Industries Essays

Analysis of IndustriesIn directlys advancing technology state, one must be aware(p) of reading instruction systems and how they are shaping lives. Many industries are tortuous in information technology, and it is that technology which enables them to survive. Five major industries are health, services, manufacturing, finance, and retail. It is gravely to say which one is affected more by technology because they solely are in their own individual government agencys. The topics of IT they every share, but the way that information technology is used and introduced in each industry makes them different. In such a exceedingly competitive environment, businesses motivating to take returns of all the technology they can in order to survive and grasp the upper hand. This semester, I focused on the manufacturing industry because it is how many of products deform products and how they are brought to us, the consumer.Data and Knowledge ManagementA company is make up of managers an d employees. The hierarchy of the management team and the different levels of entropy information at each level needs need to be recognized, as does the fact that from top, strategic management to clerical and shop floor workers, all the members have varying needs regarding information systems. The general pyramid-shaped hierarchy is the nearly common organizational structure found in businesses. At the permeate are the clerical and shop floor workers, then the operational managers, beside are the middle managers, and at the top are the senior managers. The largest stem is the clerical and shop floor workers. few common characteristics of information at each level are the data range, time span, level of detail, the source, the period of structure, and the purpose. Data range is the amount of data from which information is extracted. Top management needs a wide data range while the put down levels need a narrow range to focus on their unique(predicate) divisions. Time span re fers to how long a period of time the data covers. Top management need data that reaches far into the past, while disappoint level managers need only a time span of hours or days. The level of detail is the degree to which the information generated is specific. For top management they need summarized information that is not greatly detailed, while operational managers need highly detailed information. The way that information is presented varies depending on the user or manager. Some different presentation methods are graphically, with text, tabular, or audibly.

New Sports Stadiums and Taxpayer Abuse :: Argumentative Persuasive Essay Examples

There seems to be a half mask effect through out the U.S., vernal stadiums ar being build, teams are demanding that their city build them a naked as a jaybird stadium to play in alone it is not necessary to build these stadiums. The most obvious throw in bracing stadiums is coming from baseball. In the last 10-15 years many youthful baseball stadiums have been create, but who is paying for these stadiums? The teams and the owners that are demanding the stadiums, or the taxpayers? The answer is that taxpayers are picking up a huge measuring of the address to build a new stadium.   Before the Depression stadiums were built by using private funds, some of these stadiums include Wrigley Field, Tiger Stadium, Yankee Stadium, and Fenway Park (Sports Pork, 3). All of these parks are very memorable for lots of reasons, mostly the players that played and or play there. Why when these stadiums were built were they a fraction of the cost that it is to build a stadium instantly? In the 1980s America was spending about 1.5 billion on new stadiums in the 1990s it spent 11 billion (Walls cause, 2). Further more, in 1967 the cost to build the Kingdome was 67 million, in 1999 the cost to build Safeco Field was 517.6 million. On top of the cost difference, not only was the Kingdome multi purpose but overly it held more people. The capacity of the Kingdome for baseball seating was 59,166 the seating at the new Safeco Field is 46,621. Although the Kingdome was starting to fall apart, it was decades away from its useful life (Walls Come, 2). In fact, in 1994 tiles fell from the ceiling and the cost to fix was 70 million, which was done. It is possible that one could argue that Seattle was in need of a new stadium. To build a stadium and have an estimated price is one thing, but having tons of extras added on that are going to have the cost overflow by 100 million dollars is a little ridiculous.   Many former(a) cities are also either building new stadiums o r contemplating it, 46 major league stadiums and arenas have been built or renovated for teams and 49 more are under construction or in the planning stages (Debating, 1). Of the 10 highest valued Major League Baseball teams, 6 moved into new stadiums in the 1990s.

FGM: Female Genital Mutilation Must be Outlawed Worldwide Essay

feminine venereal Mutilation, shortened to FGM in most medical checkup texts, is collective name given to several different traditional practices that acquire the cutting of female genitals. FGM is a common cultural practice in many parts of the world, especially Africa and Asia that was established hundreds of years ago. There are many different types of FGM, ranging from clitoridectomy, to cutting and infibulations (Skaine 7). Even though these procedures are accredited in the areas they are practiced, FGM has become a human rights discussion resurfacing in recent years because the procedures serve no purpose. young-bearing(prenominal) Genital Mutilation is an wrong practice that should be outlawed throughout the entire world.FGM, specifically infibulation, is believed to chip in started in Arabia and then spread to Africa through a well-established trade route. FGM has never been considered a hygienic practice because most of the procedures make hygiene more than difficu lt (Pieters). The sole purpose of FGM is to make sexual contact inadequate for the woman, no matter what the motive is. Some girls go through FGM procedures at a young age to calm their fathers nerves and others undergo the procedures so she wont stray from her husband. In Egypt, 97 percent of women pay off undergone a Female Circumcision procedure sometime in their lives while plainly 82 percent approve of it. An Indonesian study showed that midwives performed from about 68 to 88 percent of all procedures (Skaine 42). Most of the time, girls that receive a Female Circumcision dont even get a chance to juncture their opinions because they are too young when the procedure is performed.While Female Genital Mutilation procedures serve their purpose, to compress away sexual satisfaction, every advers... ...problem is viewed by the public. match to the Womankind Worldwide organization, in order to achieve the abolition of FGM two things must(prenominal) happen FGM needs to be fir mly placed on national governments agendas and at that place must be clear laws specifically criminalizing FGM (Womankind Worldwide 32). Until those two things happen, Female Genital Mutilation will continue to be a worldwide concern. true nations must help the countries lagging behind to smooth the progress of eradicating FGM (Skaine 79). The oftenness of genital cutting in individual countries makes the practice seem contradictory in many parts of the world however the practice is a worldwide human rights concern. A persons body should not be deformed, unless for hygienic or medical reasons, without the individuals authorization therefore any form of Female Genital Mutilation should not take place.

The Charlie Barber Treatment - :: essays research papers

A Character hold of Charlotte Barber The novel The Charlie Barber Treatment is written by Carole Lloyd. It is about a boy called Simon whose mother dies unexpectedly. He is very upset and unable to die over his mum. When he encounters Charlie Barber she really cheers him up. Charlie has a big center on Simon. Charlie is a sixteen-year-old girl who is staying with her Gran for the week. We offset meet Charlotte when Simon bumps into her alfresco the local newsagents in his small town. Charlie asks Simon directions to somewhere she can walk her Grans dog. Simon tells her directions to the downs but Charlie deliberately gets confused and gets Simon to go with her. Right from the first time we meet Charlie we see she knows what she wants. She chuckled and the smile went all the to her eyes which stared quite directly and frankly into his. This implies she is very pleased when Simon offers to show her the way to the downs. We see she is complete bidding of hers and Simons relati onship, right from the beginning. Im not going up there alone. Simon has a choppy sense of being out played. Here Simon knows that she has no intention of let him go.I think Charlie is a very independent girl. Who cares what other mint think? She also shows she is independent by being in the liquidation without her dad. We know that Charlie is quite caring from when she wont give Simon any sugar for his tea. She playfully argues with him. Its bad for you.Charlie is a very smart girl. She has eleven O-levels and is going to university. Simon is clever as well so they are quite well matched.Charlie and Simon first know for sure that they like each other when Charlie is at Simons house. I mandatory to see you. Later on Simon walks Charlie home and they hug and kiss.Charlie knows she is forward and sometimes a bit pushy but not in a nasty way. Gran thinks Im very forward and youre probably just too civilised to tell me.

Terrorism In North Africa :: Terrorists, Role Of United States

North Africa is a huge area that is nice a safe place for terror groups. Are we facing some another(prenominal) failed state? What should be done about it? Should the United States send military personnel to North Africa to prevent it from becoming another Afghanistan?The Jan. 16 attack on the natural-gas installation at In Amenas, Algeria, like the Sept. 11, 2012, raid on the U.S. installing in Benghazi, Libya, was the work of al-Qaida affiliates operating in the Sahel, a voice in North Africa defined by both the Sahara forswear and centuries of tribal warfare.Its latest iteration, responsible for more than 100,000 deaths, has been the decade-old Islamic insurgency in Algeria. The troth has received little international attention until an attempted rescue of the In Amenas hostages by Algerian Special Forces resulted in 37 deaths, including several Ameri ceases.The Sahara, the largest desert between the two poles, has been both an obstacle and a route for invaders from the Romans to the cut Foreign Legion. Although Timbuktu was long a center of learning and commerce, back to the aureate empire of Mansa Musa, the area is now a neglected part of the existence making it an ideal safe haven for terrorists.The sands respect no borders and erase divisions between Algeria and Mali, a fact traditionally exploited by desert nomads and lately by jihadists led by al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb.Until French forces recaptured the main towns, AQIM had controlled northern Mali for 10 months and ran the area downstairs Shariah law. The jihadists pronounced goal, shared by Salafists and other radical Moslem groups, is to recreate the Caliphate of Islams glory years of the eighth century, when it controlled territory from Andalusia to India.Their trustingness is not unfounded. Neither Mali nor its neighbors possess the capabilities or the will to defeat the Islamist insurgency. If, as President Francois Hollande recently announced, France will declare victory and withdraw its troops, the remainder threatens to continue metastasizing over time.Local media have reported that the rebels have attracted recruits from other Islamist movements, such as the Boko Haram in Nigeria, and from countries as far away as Canada, as well as weapons from Libya. A precipitous withdrawal by the French would solidify the Islamists belief that, if the Prophet could create his Caliphate from the sands of Medina, they can recreate it from the sands of Timbuktu.The situation is further complicated by the regions oil and natural gas wealth.

Critical Book Review of No Shame in My Game by Katherine Newman Essay

Critical Book Re panorama of No Shame in My Game by Katherine Newman When someone thinks of the despicable they instantly imagine a homeless man sleeping in a cardboard boxful or the neargonst garbage can, but the operative poor especially in the inner-city is commonly overlooked by society. However the running(a) poor, in this font the working poor in the inner-city, are mass go on to try and make their lives better. They are taking minimum wage jobs so that they can barely afford a roof over their heads. at heart Katherine Newman?s novel No Shame In My Game, she studies the working poor in the inner-city to draw conclusions ab come out of the closet how to help them and dispute common stereotypes and the images people commonly side. Newman?s conclusions along with the way she had give birthed her exercise knowledge go out be evaluated for her positive and negative points bandage searching for any biases she may keep back portrayed within her novel.Even before I star ted breeding Katherine Newman?s novel No Shame In My Game I had learned a little about Newman?s background, which may father her to have a bias towards her case study. Newman is clearly within the snapper class even perhaps towards the upper end. She is a Harvard anthropologist that would seem to have never experienced such situations as her subjects. Like most of the optic class she could simply have thought that the poor were only the a couple of(prenominal) men in cardboard boxes in rough neighborhoods and non real consider the working poor in the inner-city until the case study was started and her dissertation written. This could greatly affect her procedures in observing selective information with her hundreds of subjects over the nosepiece of a few years. The thinking of someone who is not within the working class may flaw the order and process at which the case study was conducted. There may be variables that Newman did not consider and did not research that could co mmute her data and conclusions. Using the social scientific method to collect data and revise her hypothesis involves knowing all the angles and variables that are applied, but if an extra variable were to present itself it would call for a change in the hypothesis. This one change could alter all of Newman?s conclusions and data she presents.Newman presents her supporting evidence largely with statistics although I do not hope many of her statistics are real world numbers for her exact case study but her observ... ... values as the middle class does. The working class has to first follow the same cultural values as the middle class if they hope to one day become theatrical role of the middle class. This thinking is not entirely flawed but unluckily it is not enough to raise ones ranking in society.Newman had set out to answer a question ?What might be done to regression this scenario the working poor being subjected to a worse lifestyle than the jobless on welfare (and what can be done) to build upon the advantages that a life on the job offers? (Newman, xv). I believe she had answered her question in a modal value that proves useful and insightful. The conclusions that Newman had drawn where evaluated to being positive on some aspects while neutral on others. However I do not entertain with some methods she used and data she used within her case study but nonetheless it still grants the audience a clear view of the working poor in the inner-city. Her slight bias could have caused her to conduct the research and study in a less accurate look but she has proceeded to explain her train of thought well through the novel. As a whole Newman?s case study grants a view into the ?true? poor of America.

Essay example --

In equation to parallel economically advanced democracies, the United States in particular is prone to uniquely adversarial and legalistic means of policy formulation and implementation, constructed by the process of discriminatory review. With the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1787, common police force, or using snatchor as the basis of judicial policy making, has been a staple for American society. This British adaptation to U.S. justicemaking has evolved into an interest-driven thought tactic as foreign to statutory interpretation and parliamentary mechanisms. Americans frequently rely on legal threats and lawsuits, in which the laws that pertain, generally, are more complicated and prescriptive. In idealistic democratic personal mannerls, the relative institutional relationships among the legislature, the executive state, and the courts. Yet, it is a false truth of the authorized U.S. governing system, in which author Robert Kagan theorizes is due to the Am erican way of law known as adversarial legalism. Although a thesis in this form is merely a new discussion, Kagans treatment of it ranges throughout the governmental spectrum, targeting both the atmosphere surrounding policy making as well as its political actors within. Kagan provides a chief explanation for adversarial legalism as a mode of policy making, implementation, and dispute resolution characterized by frequent resort to super adversarial legal interests, that conclusively infiltrate American democracy and ironically impound branches of government, discrediting its merit of freedom and equality. Through this examination of politics, it is apparent that the system is at fault, perhaps inevitably, to the continuously growing problem of fragmented government that order with various other... ... and reform. Yet, it is in my opinion that his article is of such significance because of its logistic explanation of such frequent and high volume courtroom deterrent example ref orms. Author Mark Graber in The Lessons of Dred Scott, claimed that decision rendered by Supreme Court Chief Justice Taney in 1865 was unavoidable, simply because the decision was consistent with the quantify of the era (Graber, p.7). This conditionality of politics concerning political environments is evident in Kagan as well, providing both political scientists and students alike with the knowledge that Courts do and often will act not only for the majority, but also more explicitly towards the persuasion tactics of every outlet of both private and public political participation, which provides a necessary and comprehensive evaluation of the American way of law unknown to many, including myself until today.