Searles Speech Acts An Analysis

Searles destination Acts An AnalysisDiscuss Searles Speech Acts (include Felicity Conditions and Performatives)Searle took a philosophy of language approach to pitch modus operandis in an attempt to give philosophically illumination description of general features of language He aimed to answer various question in his approach What is the residue in the midst of saying something and moment it? How does the he arr understand what is meant? (Searle,1969). The term speech proceeds is used to define an utterance that has performative function in language and dialogue (Searle 1969) and was originally used by his mentor J.L. Austin in his possibility of lectionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. Drawing on these linguistic practices of Austin, Searle used his framework to base his consume thesis that talking is performing acts according to rules. In the next sections I shall refer to Searles main scope of speech acts in terms of linguistic categorization and a rule-go verned language.When it comes to explaining speech acts Searle suggests three different concepts rules, prepositions and meaning. He was partlyicularly interested in the illocutionary act of promising performatives and so fasten out to describe these concepts based on the take aims of this performance of promising. As part of his theory of a rule-governed language Searle made a line between regulative and constitutive rules. In his book An essay of philosophy of language he states that regulative rules regulate independently existing forms of deportment scarce constitutive rules do not merely regulate, they create or define new form of conduct (Searle,1969). For example, take the rules of Ameri rout out football game the touch reduce rule is constitutive versus the no taunting rule which is regulative. A mo concept, prepositions, provide the content of the illocutionary act which can be used in different types of acts. For example, Lucy will you sit down Lucy, sit would you sit down Lucy? all provide the same prepositional content even though they are different forms of illocutionary acts. In terms of meaning, Searle revised the ideas of Grice and proposed modification in insisting that not only is meaning rooted in the speakers intentions but also by a matter of convention (Searle,1969). Based on his ideas one can say that the speaker initially intends for the hearer to identify his/her intention to produce that lectionary affect and secondly, he/she intends that this is indicated by the hearers understanding of the meaning words used in the context. These intentions can only act collectively with conventions of words for affective communication (Elswyk,2014).The notion of promising is an action referred to as a performative. Searles theory of performatives is that some illocutionary acts can be performed by uttering a sentence containing an expression that names the type of speech act these are called performative utterances. He insisted on the imp ortance of distinguishing between different kinds of performatives utterances, verbs and sentences. For Searle, performatives can be used in different counsellings, one can use it to stray or make a declaration.For a speech act to deliver the goods its purpose the correct conditions must be in place, these conditions are called bliss conditions. Thus, a sentence must be grammatical and felicitous to be performed correctly. Originally a concept by Austin, there are 3 types of felicity conditions preparatory conditions, a sincerity condition and a accomplishment condition. Searle later refined this changing the fulfilment condition to essential condition and introduced a fourth condition called the propositional content condition. Consider this example I jokingly say to friends I know pronounce you man and married woman I have not actually married them because I do not have the authority to these words to have the correct illocutionary soak up thus the speech act fails. The feli city conditions of marrying couples rely on the returnual position of the speaker (Hogan, 2000).Searle offered characterizations of linguistic elements in attempt to give a clear depiction of the difference between one illocutionary force and another. on that point had been previous attempts by Austin to distinguish between such elements in which he established five basic acts Verdictives, exercitives, commissives, expositives, behavitives. Searle ultimately believed that the taxonomy needs to be seriously revised because it contains several weaknesses. One major weakness world that Austin did not determine a clear principle or set of principles on which the taxonomy was based upon and thus there was overlap between categories (Searle,1976). Therefore, a new list of new categories he regarded as the basic principle of illocutionary acts were formed. Firstly (1) declarations which effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs, I swear (2) expressives which expre ss a psychological state and how the speaker feels, e.g. congratulating (3) commissives which is an act of getting the speaker to do something you require, e.g. threatening or promising (4) directives which are attempt to get the addressee to do something, e.g. demanding. Finally (5) assertives which represent the state of the situation, e.g. describing (Searle,1972).To summarise, Searles philosophic approach to speech acts proposes that speaking a language is a behaviour determined by constitutive rules. He further implies that one performs an illocutionary act by promising, directing and questioning and perlocutionary acts are affective if it has the correct effect on the hearer. These acts are governed by linguistic concepts and rules and successful communication can only occur if these are in place. Searle develops Austins ideas in a way that provides a clearer and in depth understanding of different kinds of speech acts and the image they play in speaking.