Elements Of Property Offences In UK Essay

INTRODUCTIONIn to the highest degree societies to twenty-four hour period, plaza offensives experience become prevalent in about courts of arighteousness. There confirm been fibres of post offensive activitys here and there in most countries of the world. joined state is non exceptional when it comes to the issue of zephyrplane propeller offences therefore, in this seminar presentation a succinct or close examination of property offences in the United Kingdom shall be the focus of our discussion. This entrust prep ar the young and capability layers in colleges for their impending mock law examination. Thus, this paper is a r reveale to success in the area of sad law, as it will exsert the horizon of schoolchilds stressing in criminal law, particularly in the area property offences.AN OVERVIEW OF PROPERTY OFFENCES There are wide varieties or potpourris of property offences nether both the universal law and the statue law as initiated by the parliament. apprec iation of what is term common law becomes imperative here the common law is the law which has been built up by judges making decisions all over centuries. We refer to the judges law as precedents, which it is cracking called in most courts today. Like the case higher up, rationality of property offences the main statue law passed by the parliament of mod federation Wales which deals with property offences is the iniquitys Act 1900, which has been amended by the parliament m whatsoever propagation since it was en per representanceed.Property offences therefore involve super complicated relationships among the property itself, whose property it is and whether or not it is in some aces possession, and what relationship or beneathstanding there is between the accused and the victim about the property. It is therefore very important to incorporate cursory examination of the various issues that can arise from property offences. This will provide enough insight and informatio n to a better understanding of property offences.The most common offences are thievery, receiving and malicious damage, which shall be hardened below.It is an offence under the Crime Act of 1900 in New South Wales to commit larceny. Thus the maximum penalty for such(prenominal)(prenominal) given by the statute is 5 years goal. The meaning or subdivisions of the offence of larceny are governed by the common law, or judge-make law, which pack built up over the years with judicial decisions. The elements of the offence of larceny are tumefy established and have been summarized thus.A someone must without the outlet to of the give birther, fraudulently and without claim of right made in inviolable faith, take and entertain a means, anything capable of being stolen, with intent at the time of such pickings permanently to deprive the owner of that property. As shown here, each of these elements contain facts which would have to be proven beyond clean doubts by the prosecution for the offence to be proved in court. A exemplary example is that if a person walks into a make and takes a alkali of rice from and walks out implying to keep the bag of rice for himself or herself, and without any permission or right to do so, that person is dishonored of larceny.Shop lifting is the most common form of larceny. However, if the facts are charged straightly, the prosecution cannot succeed. This substance that if the person who took the bag of rice does not intend to permanently deprive the owner of the rice, wherefore he does not commit larceny. If the bag of rice actually becomes to the person because he or she paid for it in the shop earlier that day and left it in the shop to be collected later, then there is no case of larceny because the person a claim of right and ownership. The variations on the facts are many another(prenominal) and every case is haled depending on its own facts in the law court. portrayalUS REUS AND MENS REAThe actus reus-sometimes called the external element of a crime is a Latin term for the red-handed act which, when proved beyond reasonable doubt in combination with the mens rea, i.e. the guilty mind produces criminal financial obligation in common law-based on criminal law jurisdiction of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, England, Scotland, and the United States. According to Allen, Michael In criminal law, mens reathe Latin term for guilty mind is usually one of the necessary elements of crime.The standards common law sample of criminal liability is usually expressed in Latin phrase actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea, which means that the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty. Thus in jurisdictions with due carry through, there must be an actus reus accompanied by some level of mens rea to constitute the crime with which the defendant is charged.In this sense, mens rea refers to the mental element of the offence that accompanied the actus reus. In some jurisdictions, the terms mens rea and actus reus have been superseded by alternative terminology. However, there are four general classes of mens rea which its words may vary from one state to another(prenominal). These include (1) intention (2) knowledge (3) hardihood (4) negligence.A GENERAL INTRODUCTION INTO larceny BY THEFT ACT 1968, ROBBERY S. 8(1)The Act 1960 (1968c. 60) is an act of the parliament of the United Kingdom, governing most of the general property offences in English law. On 15 January 2007, the antic Act 2006 came into crusade, repeating most of the offences f trick. Historically, the Theft Act 1960 resulted from the efforts of the unlawful Law Revision committee to reform the English law of Theft.The larceny Act 1916 had codified the common law, including Larceny itself, but it remained a colonial web of offences. The intention of the Theft Act 1968, was to replace the existing law of larceny and other deception related offences, by single enactment, creating a more cohe rent body of principles that would allow the law to evolve to jibe a new salvations. The Act was assented to on July 26th, 1968.To understand Theft by Theft Act, the basic definition of theft itself becomes imperative.THEFT DEFINITIONIn the criminal Law, theft (also known as stealing) is the illegal taking of another persons property without that persons freely-give consent. As a term, it is used as shorthand for all major crimes against property, encompassing offences such as burglary, embezzlement, larceny, looting, robbery, mugging, trespassing, shop lifting, intrusion, fraud (theft by deception) and sometimes criminal conversion. Theft is offer considered to be synonymous with larceny. In this work, theft has replaced larceny. Therefore, someone who carries out an act o for makes career of theft known as a thief. Therefore, a person shall be guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriate, property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it. DETAILS OF THEFT TO THEFT ACT 1968THEFT ACT 1968, AGGRAVATED BURGLARY.ROBBERY = P.A person is guilty of robbery if he steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, he uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being there and there subjected to force. This means in a clear and simple term that the victim of such robbery is subjected to either physical or mental torture. This is a dodging employ by the robber to accompany his / her mission. In this case, a typical example is relevant. Take for instance, Mr. Johnson and Alfred entered a hotel with a gun and shot to the air to intimidate the customers and the workers, collected monies and other valuables from them, on their way out of the hotel, they were caught by the alerted patrol team of the police, in this situation Alfred and Mr. Johnson are guilty of robbery.A person guilty of robbery or of an assaults with intent to rob, shall on doctrine on indictment be liable to duress for life. This should be the case of Alfred and Mr. Johnson exemplified above.BURGLARYA person is guilty of burglary ifHe enters any create or part of a construction as a trespasser, he steals or attempts to steal anything in the building or that part of tit or inflicts or attempts to inflict on any person therein any grievous bodily misemploy.The offences referred to in sub- separate 1(a) above are offences of stealing anything in the building or part of a building in question, of inflicting on any person therein any grievous bodily harm or (raping any person therein, and of doing unlawful damage to the building or anything therein.iii. A person guilty of burglary shall be on conviction on indictment be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceedingWhere the offence was committed in respect of a building or part of a building which is a dwelling cardinal yearsIn any other case, ten years.References in sub roles (1) and (2) above to a building, and the reference in s ub separate (3) above to a building which is a dwelling, shall arrest also to an inhabited vehicle or vessel, and shall apply to any such vehicle or vessel at times when the person having a habitation in it is not there as well as at times when he is.A good example of a person who seems to be guilty of burglary is established thusMr. Ali broke into Mr. Johns room, while he is away in Germany, on leaving, the security caught him, and dragged him to the court John Mr. Alis action, he is guilty of burglary and is liable to face the charges and all the penalties.OBTAINING PROPERTY BY DECEPTION. S. 15 whatever property acquire without the consent of the own through any form of dubious means is said to be a crime. Take for instance, it a vehicle is taken with the consent of the owner, it is said to be legal, however when consent if ignored, it is then said to be deception. Another good example is when one put up a force identity to hire a car. This overlaps with the 15 offences of obtai ning property or services by deception. Taking by force may be robbery when defendant did not intend the victim to recover the car at all or so seriously damaged that it steps to theft. It the evidence is insufficient for theft, the alternative charges are change vehicle taking or blackmailing under S21. Note that S12 (7) protects the interest of multitude hiring or buying under a hire purchase pact deeming them to be the owner for the theatrical roles of S12. http.//en/wikipedia.org/wiki/IWOCH/ without the consent of the owner.AVERSION OF LIABILITY BY DECEPTION UNDER S.2 D THEFT ACT 1979Forgery is the process of making or adapting objects or documents 9see false document), with the intent to deceive. The similar crime of fraud is the crime of deceiving another including through the use of objects obtaining through counterfeitery. Copies, studios replies, and reproductions are not considered forgeries, though they may later become forgeries through well-educated and willful mi sattributions.In the 16th century imitators of Albrecht Durers style of marker making improved the market for their own prints by signing them AD, making them forgeries.In the 20th century the art market made forgeries highly profitable. There are widespread forgeries of especially valued artists, such as drawings meant to be by Picasso, Nee, and matisse. This usage of counterfeit does not generalise from metal work done at forge, but it has a parallel history. A sense of to counterfeit is already in the Anglo-French verb forger falsify. Forgery is one of the techniques of fraud, including identity theft. Forgery is one of the threats that have to be addressed by security engineering.A forgery is essentially concerned with a produced or altered object. Where the prime concern of forgery is less focused on the object itself what it is worth or what it proves than on a tacit statement of criticism that is revealed by reactions the object provokes in others, then the larger proce ss is a hoax. In a hoax, a rumor or a genuine object planted in a concocted situation, may substitute for a gorged physical object.OBTAINING A silver TRANSFER THROUGH DECEPTIONObtaining a specie send by deception (1) alter fragment 15 of the (1968 c. 60) theft Act 1968 get into is a obtaining a bullion transfer by deceptionA person is guilty of an offence if by any deception he dishonestly obtains a money transfer for himself or another.A money transfer occurs when a debit is made to one accounta mention is made to another accountthe doctrine results from debit results from the mentionReferences to a extension and to a debit are to a credit of an amount of money and to a debit of an amount of money.It is immaterial (in particular) whether the amount credited is the same as the amount debitedwhether the money transfer is set up on presentment of cheque or by another regularitywhether any delay occurs in the process by which the money transfer effected.Whether any interme diate credits or debits are made in the course of the money transfer.Whether either of the accounts is overdrawn before or after the money transfer is affect.A person guilty of an offence under this scratch shall be liable in conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding tem years. 15 B section 15A supplementary (1) the following provisions have effect for the interpretation of section 15A of this Act.Deception has the same meaning as in section 15 of this Act.Account means an account kept with a bank ora person carrying on a trading which falls at bottom section (4) belowA barter falls within subsection if in the curse of the business money received by way of deposit is lent to others orany other activity of the business is financed wholly or to any material extent, out of the capital of r the interest on money received by way of deposit.For the purpose of subsection (4) above all the activities which a person carries on by way of business shall be regarded as a single business carried on by him andmoney includes money expressed in a cash other then sterling in the European currency unit (as defined in council regulation N. 3320/94/EC or any community instrument replacing it.Nothing in this section has effect in relation to anything done before the day on which this act is passed.Dishonesty retaining a wrongful credit (1) after section 24 of the theft Act 1968 insert 24 a dishonestly retaining a wrongful credit (1) A person is guilty of an offence if a wrongful credit has been made to an account kept by him or in respect of which he has any right or interest.He knows or believes that the credit is wrongful and he dishonestly fails to take such steps as are reasonable in the serving to secure that the credit is cancelled.References to a credit are to a credit of an amount of money.A credit to an account is also wrongful if it is the credit side of money transfer obtained contrary to section 15A of this ActThe some sited examples sh ould do as they have clearly established the meaning of deception in the case of money transfer.Conclusively thus, this piece of work is a pathway to a great success in the area of criminal law in relation to students who are preparing for their mock examination. In this regards, the student of criminal law, at the end this seminar paper presentation will be sure that they wont be ridiculed by any kind of question that might likely confront them. Thus, this paper is a natural and holistic review of Theft by Theft Act of 1968 under the U.K criminal law. The paper thus is an eye opener to the students as many thing, would become quite clear to them.REFERENCESAllen Michael (2005) Criminal Law. Oxford. Oxford University Press.//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWOC without the content of the owner.