Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research Paper Example This also affects the jobs and the overall medical facilities and the same will be discussed under this subheading. Major Problems: Major problems caused by Illegal immigration will be discussed in this part and a comprehensive analysis of how to tackle the same will also be discussed in this part. Solutions to the problems: Once the problems are discussed, possible solutions will be discussed. The ways to stop illegal immigration will be discussed; this has been a long standing problem in the US and it is high time to deal with it. How to Restrict Illegal Immigration: This section will throw light upon the solutions to deal with this menace. Laws must be made stricter in order to ensure no illegal immigration takes place, only then can countries witness an unprecedented growth. Conclusion: Summing up the main points discussed in the paper and presenting a logical conclusion that will solve all the problems. Immigration can be of two types, one is legal and the other one is illegal. Legal immigration involves many hassles, there is a lot of paperwork involved but illegal immigration is different. People who know that they are ineligible for legal immigration try their hands at illegal immigration and many succeed immigrating into another country illegally. This has ramifications and this paper will shed more light upon the ramifications of immigration. The United States of America is a developed nation and there are many foreigners who have ensconced themselves in the country. There are many people in Mexico who try to sneak in illegally through the Mexican border into the United States, the personnel in the United States is well aware of this problem and have already taken measures to ensure that no illegal immigration takes place. People are always looking for shortcuts and they always find ways to simplify their work but at times these shortcuts can cost them dear. Immigration is a very complicated procedure, the paperwork involved can take months but this i s the legal way of doing things, illegal ways are adopted because people have no time and patience to do things legally, there are many illegal immigrants in the United States at this moment. Legal immigration becomes illegal when a person whose visa has expired decides to overstay in the country, this is also illegal immigration. A person whose visa has expired must approach the concerned authorities and extend the visa so as to ensure that they do not have to face any serious problems. The personnel have become aware of this problem and the procedure has been changed to deter people from overstaying in the country once their visa has expired. â€Å"Ten million illegal immigrants live in the US, according to estimates by academic and government agencies, although Bear-Stearns investment firm analysts claim that the US illegal immigrant population "may be as high as 20 million people." (â€Å"Illegal Immigration†) Every year millions of people sneak illegally into another co untry by crossing the border line, this is very common in the United States of America. This is called illegal immigration, in other words, people who do not have work permit or any kind of permission from the government to come and stay in that particular country. The same affects the health facilities in the country and negatively impacts the overall healthcare facilities in the USA. Research has found that illegal immigrati Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 12 Research Paper Example he helm of the leadership of Ghana upon the achievement of that country’s sovereignty in 1957, and is furthermore given credit for touching off an avalanche of independence movements that ran through the rest of Africa in the ten years following that achievement of independence. He would be ousted from power in 1966, via a coup, but by that time 40 countries all over Africa had been able to achieve independence and freedom from the hands of their European masters. For this reason, and for the strength of his leadership and his ideas relating to the importance of a free Africa and other key tenets, Nkrumah is regarded as a key political figure not just in Ghana but in Africa as a whole, apart from the influence and stature bestowed on him in the international stage as well. On a worldwide basis, many of his ideas and views have substantial weight and impact, including those that he held relating to national and regional development, a united and free Africa, and socialism, amon g others.1 His views on socialism, more of which shall be said later, were however tempered by a politics that was considered to be one of conciliation and friendship towards the western powers to some extent, and that means being friendly to some of the west’s ideas on democracy and democratic principles. 2 His ideas meanwhile on the unity of Africa as something that is urgent and necessary, a must, with the unity redounding to many benefits, political and economic, for the whole of Africa, is something that is said to have been validated by moves in Europe at unification, as well as in other places. 3 That said, some of his ideas relating to socialism and the adoption of socialist economic principles, such as the nationalization of aspects of Ghana agriculture, are said to have met with financial and personal disaster for the country and for its farmers, among others, tempering the positive assessment of Nkrumah’s role in the development of Ghana and African politics and economics.

Christian worldview of financial accounting Essay

Christian worldview of financial accounting - Essay Example The Christian worldview on financial accounting advocates for ethics in business. It is hence evident that a Christian will always carry out the business activities differently from an atheist. According to Christian worldview, financial accounting is of great importance in a number of ways. One of the ways is helping Christians to live debt free lives. It is not the will of God for His children to live in destitution and debts. Debts have stretched from the individual Christians to the national levels. The Christian worldview tends to explain to Christians how savings, budgets and investments should be used accordingly to help the Christians live a life worth living (Holt, 2010). The Christian worldview insists that for the budgets, investments and savings to be beneficial, greed, cheating and lying should not be a part of financial accounting. Christians have been given a lot of guidance courtesy of the Christian worldview on avoiding the financial Armageddon. It is clear that human beings cannot survive in the world today without finances. However, unjust means should not be encouraged at all in the business world according to the Christian worldview based on the bible teachings (Duska et al., 2011). According to Proverbs 13:11 â€Å"Wealth obtained by fraud will dwindle, but whoever earns it through labor will multiply it† while in accordance to Proverbs 12:19, â€Å"Truth stands the test of time, lies tend to be exposed easily.† These are the essential aspects in financial accounting that need to be put into consideration for the Christians to reap the intended benefits of financial accounting. The Christian worldview’s teachings on financial accounting aim at eradicating poverty among the Christians. Justly operated financial accounting activities guarantee an individual wealth and prosperity. This clearly shows that poverty will not be his or her portion. However,

Compare absolute and relative morality Essay Example for Free

Compare absolute and relative morality Essay There are two types of morality, absolute morality and relative morality. An absolutist believes that certain things are always right or wrong no matter the consequences or situation, while a relativist is more concerned with outcomes and believes something is either right or wrong based in certain circumstances or situations. An absolute command is a command that is true all the time, in all places and all situations. An absolutist thinks about what is the right thing of itself, for example murder, because killing someone regardless of the consequences of an action or the results might occur. this means they approach is deontological. The system is simple and easy to apply, as a crime will be a crime regardless of the circumstances. An example is stealing, stealing is always wrong no matter the culture of the person, what the reasons were or when it happened make no difference; stealing is universally wrong and everybody knows that. There are many strengths to absolutism. firstly, because certain things are neither judged right or wrong in all situations, it makes it easier to apply than relativism. for example, in absolutism, if someone was to steal, it would be seen as wrong, while in relativism if someone steals, it might be, because they cannot afford food for their baby, so all other circumstances need to be taken into account. Also, it enable us to have a UN Declaration of human rights, as it provides a universal code to measure everything against. However, there are many weakness to absolutism as ethics are deontological which means that it pays no regard to the outcome or consequences of an action, so for example, if a poor mother stole food to feed her hungry child, this act would be judged wrong, because absolute ethics believe a crime is a crime, even though surely the stealing is for outcome and her childs life is more important. Also no one can really know what absolute morals are since all sources of morality are open up to peoples opinions and own interpretation. However relative morality judge things relative to the situation. it means there are no universally moral principles and there is no objective truth and if there is it cannot be found. There are many advantages to relativist, such as it is flexible and takes everyones opinion into account, as it is based on peoples point of view, so no one is wrong and it also takes certain circumstances into account. For example a relativist may believe abortion is wrong, but if a poor mother with hardly any money is pregnant they might allow abortion then, because it avoids the mother bringing a child into the world and giving it a bad life, so with relativism they are more concerned with the outcome. However, there are a number disadvantages to relativism, such as it is very difficult to apply, as judgements are always subjective and based and influenced by peoples thoughts, feeling and opinions, so everyones ideas of what is right and wrong will be different. Relativism is a lot more difficult to apply than absolutism. Also some acts have always wrong like genocide, so relativism doesnt allow moral progress. In conclusion, absolute ethics and relativist ethics ways of judgement are both very different, both having lots of disadvantages and advantages. however in my opinion relativist judgements are better, because they take certain situations into account and acts like abortion cannot be wrong.

How Brand Nokia Influences On Consumer Purchasing Behaviour Marketing Essay

How Brand Nokia Influences On Consumer Purchasing Behaviour Marketing Essay 1.0 Introduction People live in the globe dominated by super brand however, the term brand which has sometime wrong definition and misunderstood by the consumer. Brand correspond in the form of logo, letter headed paper, graphic representations, critical thinking and attractive colour combination, signs and symbols, slogan that is common belief to everyone (http://www.redbullet.co.uk/). A brand is symbol and sign, name or product, service, concept or logo that distinguishes to identify and expressed a specific business or company, product, service which can be usually communicated to market to increase the consumer. According to the Business and Management of Dictionary, a brand is a name, sign or symbol used to identify items or services of the seller(s) and to differentiate them from goods of competitors. One of the most popular advertising companies Walter Landor said that basically, a brand just like a promise that associating and demonstrating a service or product which delivers a promise of sat isfaction and better quality (http://www.sideroad.com/Branding/). In addition, when an organization or company creates a colour full new logo or name for a particular products or service to introduce the competitive market, a brand has been developed or formed. On the other hand, Brand is protected by registering trademark or service mark from an authorized company, specially a government, so that organizations or parties have no permission to use same particular logo or name. It is tremendous effective elements of advertising to market for a company. It is represented of goods or services on behalf of brand owner are offering in the marketplace. Consumer behaviour is important value added to buy a brand product or services to justify the quality, price, colour and existence. In the market place branded products always high price and better quality such as Motorola, Samsung, than non branded product such as Chinese mobile. Customer may look or intention to buy quality, expensive bra nded product to evaluate of the reputation of the brand. It is very important of brand owner for company success, increase profit margin and spread reputation by giving better service, better quality product to keep the costumer. 2.0 Research Objectives The objectives of this research are as below: To examine the factors that influences the consumers to shift towards Nokia Brand. To Build new business strategy for the all level consumer. To use effective advertise to the target group(consumer) that will most be interested to consumer To study and establish a theory that, how Brand Influences consumers to purchases than retail store. To create a major selling idea for different consumer that Use the brand, the feeling get good to consumer. 3.0 Literature Review 3.1 Brand A brand is a symbol and symbols, names, or product, service or logo to identify the concept and is different with a specific business or company, product, service, which can normally be communicated to the market to increase to the consumer. Good brand images are instantly evoked, are positive, and are almost always unique among competitive brands. Brand image can of brand communications such as packaging to be strengthened, advertising, promotion, customer service and other aspects of the brand (http://www.asiamarketresearch.com/glossary/) Brand is the identity of the companys product, brand is very important. it brings popularity for enterprise product as well as fame, prestige, respect. Nowadays business competitive There are several brands on the market, everyone has their identity, make their mark. For example: I have new Wrangler jeans from a store, look good and I will share with my friends bought. Of course they ask me what the brand was. What is important here, the jeans brand, because the jeans, wrangler get the particular shop. The brand is very important to purchase an influence on consumers. (http://www.allinterview.com/showanswers/) 3.2 Attributes of strong brands -Excels at delivering deigned benefits -Stage relevant -Priced to meet perceptions of value -Well designed brand hierarchy -Positioned properly 3.3 The Role of Brands -Identify the maker -Simplify products holding -Organize accounting -Offer legal production -Signify quality -Creates barriers to entry 3.4 Types of Brand Marketing theory suggests that there are three types of brand names: Family brand Individual brand Combination brand In this paper I will go to Individual brand names which I selected Nokia, how it is it influences consumer to purchases. (http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/brand) logo.gif (http://shop.nokia.co.uk/nokia-uk/) 3.5 Nokia Brand Nokias first century began with Fredrik Idestam paper mill on the banks of the river Nokianvirta. Between 1865 and 1967, the company would become a major industrial power, but it took a merger with a cable company and a rubber company focused on the new Nokia Corporation is set on the way to electronics. (http://www.nokia.com/about-nokia/). Nokia is engaged in the manufacture of mobile devices and in converging Internet and communications industries with over 123,000 employees in 120 countries, sales in over 150 countries worldwide and annual sales of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 41,000,000,000 and operating profit of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1,200,000,000 in 2009. It is the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones. Its global device market share was about 39% in 2009, compared to 37% in 2008 and 38% in 2009, and its converged device market share was about 40% in 2008, compared to 35% in the year 2009. Nokia produces mobile devices for all major market segment and protocol, including GSM, CDMA and W-CDMA (UMTS). Nokia provides Internet services such as applications, games, music, cards, media and messaging platform with its Ovi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia). 3.6 Nokia in Bangladesh Nokia is the worlds leading mobile phone supplier and a leading provider of mobile and fixed telecom networks including related customer service. When Nokia introduced into the market of Bangladesh, it was considered the largest market in the emerging markets in South Asia. Bangladesh has already become an attractive market for mobile phones with a user base of more than 10 million, and by the end of 2006, this figure is expected to cross 15 million. Nokia officials estimate that in addition to Bangladeshi market, the company is a healthy growth in Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives in the coming days have. (http://www.southasiabiz.com/2006) Nokia market share 56.89% in Asia Bangladesh (March 2010)e 56.89% in Asia Bangladesh (March 2010)    http://stats.getjar.com/mr_technology_charts/as/Nokia_BD.png (http://stats.getjar.com/statistics/AS-BD/manufacturer/Nokia) 3.7 Consumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour concern the psychological processes that consumers go finished his/her needs, and normally find the way to work out these needs and make decision to purchase. For example: whether to buy a product, and if so, what brand and where information about interpret, make plans and implement these plans by comparing the offers, or actually buying a product (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/). 3.8 Sources of influence on the consumer There the many sources which influence the consumer behaviour. The below figure shows how many sources influences to consumer:    Influences on Consumer Behavior (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/). Social factors also influence consumer behaviour Cultural influences consumer behaviour Digital Revolution influences on Consumer Behaviour E-Shopping influences on consumer Behaviour 3.9 Decision making The five models imply that the customers can buy from each of five stages. However, for more workaday buy decision, the consumer may modify or delete some of the present. The first one is problem recognition The second step is information search The third step involves evaluation of alternatives Finally, the purchase stage, and post-purchase evolution buying_decision_process (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) 3.10 Problem Recognition A product to buy is customer need recognition occurs when an individual senses a difference between what the consumer seems to be the ideal and the actual state of affairs. A consumer intended to buy things when they think the quality of a product to solve a problem, makes the recognition of the step on the sale of a product. Bad recognition sometimes recognized as a problem. For example, the car is always difficult to start and the acceleration is not good. (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) 3.11 Information Search Consumers to search for information in order to satisfy their unmet needs. Find inner can, bring knowledge from memory or external, it can, collecting data from their peers, family, and the marketplace. The efficient search for keywords such as social class, income, and size of purchase, the experience and perception determines (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer). 3.12 Evaluation of alternatives The next stage of the consumer decision process shall consider alternatives in the search identified at this stage, consumers are looking for answers to questions like, what are my options? And which is best? When they compare, contrast and select from different products or services. Consumers compare what they know about different products and brands, what to do with the key and begin to resolve in the area of narrow alternatives before finally considering buying one of them. It evaluates specific model to a set of attributes they used to put together, including safety, reliability, price, warranty, and the number of cup holders is based. It also considers how he felt things like property and assesses the use of the phone and where he might buy the phone, a comparison of the various traders and the atmosphere everyone sees. Although he feels some pressure to make decision, he has access to his fathers cell phone. (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) Untitled.jpg 3.13 Purchase Behaviour Purchase is the third steps on Consumer Behaviours. After the decision to buy or not buy, he draws two stages. First, consumers choose one vendor over another vendor. Second, decisions concerning saving, by the seller, item displays, convinced media, paper and advertising. Under the plan, the consumer thinks of a particular article or brand to buy. But sometimes, but otherwise buy what they think, in the case of what to purchase during the purchase or the choice of the stage. A consumer prefers a retailer, but selects another in the event of a sale, promotional event, hour, place and problem of traffic. Fox buying products, it is important to examine the consumer motivation and to achieve this goal, easily use means-end chain. (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) The Means-End Chain: Consider a logical continuation of the consequences of product usage, which ultimately lead to the wanted end benefit. For example, Consumers will see a car with a big engine, resulting in rapid acceleration, resulting in a feeling of power, leading to a feeling of power, which will ultimately increase consumer self-esteem. http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/images/intro/Means-End_Chain.png (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) 3.14 Post-purchase Post-purchase behaviour of consumers includes all the activities and experiences that following the purchase. Normally, after a purchase, consumers experience dissonance after purchase. Regret In other words, they make their purchase decision. The reasons for high dissonance after the purchase can be dispensed with the attractiveness and performance of the alternatives, be difficult to purchase, and large number of alternatives. (http://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Consumer%) 4.0 Research Methodology A research design is the general plan, as we do about the answer to our question (s). (Saunders et al 2007) Usually it is threefold: exploratory, descriptive and explanatory (Philip Lewis et al 2007). The nature of our study is exploratory study is a valuable tool to find out what happened, to seek new insights, to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light (Robson, 2002, p59). There are three main ways of implementing our exploratory research. A search of the literature: some academic journal papers on computers networks. Interviewing experts in the subject. Conducting focus group interviews. There are three major ways of thinking about research philosophy: epistemology, ontology and axiology. Each provides important diversification is that the way you think influence on research. (Thorn hill et al., 2007) 4.1 Types of Research Methodology There are two approaches to deductive test theory and inductive theory-building. In deductive research, is a theory developed to explain the hypothesis, research design constructed and tested the hypothesis proved or disproved, and presented the findings as objective reality or laws. The process tends to be associated with the positivist approach in conjunction (Saunders et al., 2007). On the other hand, is the first data collected and analyzed in inductive research. A theory is how the data analysis is developed. This process tends to be associated with the interpretive approach in conjunction (Saunders et al., 2007). 4.2 Deductive approach My proposal is deductive research. Here we have set up a hypothesis. We construct a research design, hypothesis will be tested by an improved statistical method for the collection of data by interview method and the results will be entered with regard to the interpretation. Research method is a systematic and orderly approach to the collection and analysis of data acquired, so that information from these data (Jankowicz, 2005:209) can be obtained. Mentioned among the different methods of research by several authors, some general surveys, experiments, secondary data, observation techniques, grounded theory, action research and ethnography (Sigmund, 1997 and Saunders et al.2007). For the planned research of the scientists, the survey interview, characterized as the most appropriate. 5.0 Data Collection Method Research data are divided into two groups and these are primary and secondary data. For conducting any research data, both the groups are important, but is on the basis of strategy research focusing on specific data group presented. 5.1 Primary Data Primary data is data that is collected specifically for a particular research project for the first time (Maylor and Blackmon, 2005). The primary research can be qualitative, quantitative or both. In my thesis I will present the original data by using the collection of questions and interviews. 5.1.1 Interview It can be taken by individual or by a group. I take the consumer interview that buy Nokia product and interviews that Nokia does not use fire. I think the interviews I will answer directly from the customers. 5.1.2 Questionnaires It is the most popular way of gathering information. It would need an open and close both. The advantage of the questionnaire, I can collect the data by all or a sample of people. 5.1.3 Main sample Sampling is the small proportion of the population in this thesis topic, my example will be the customers of Nokia, employees and managers from Nokia, Nokias competitors, Nokia and age wise user. 5.2 Secondary Data According to Collis and Hussey secondary data on the collection of data from previous studies or studies conducted or done to or gathered by other researchers (Collis Hussey, 2003). Therefore, secondary data from the literature or in documents such as academic research papers can be collected, corporate annual reports, statistics, published advertisements, and statements. In my thesis I will use some relevant books, journals, articles and previous research at the University of Wales Library have available through various books, to have a clear idea about the subject. I will use the Internet as information, articles and magazines. . Magazines are comparatively contains several new concepts and ideas, and up to date information. In my dissertation, I will for literature research and secondary data analysis of the relationship between brand and consumer, brand influences the buying behaviour of consumers, Brad and retention, critical evaluation of the classical theories of brand influences on the attitudes of consumers to purchase used. (http://www.ejbrm.com/vol2/v2-i2/vol2-issue2-art7-knox.pdf, p-123) For any research or any query, if I have the onion diagram it is easy for me to follow my dissertation done in time. 7.0 Limitations There are no available resources for this research. The Nokia brand in Bangladesh market place is too far from here to gather information to effectively complete the research proposal. There are some restrictions on such research, such as: Limited study had been done earlier. Lack of data and information available for research. Lack of consumer behaviour tools through survey. Lack of ration analysis Nokia and non brand Nokia user. 8.0 Time Scale 9.0 Conclusion In Conclusion, this research paper proposed how Brand Nokia influences to consumer purchases behaviour. In my dissertation I will identify some factors that Brand Nokia influences on the customers attitude towards purchase and to establish a theory regarding the business interface and also consumer attitude for purchase. And from this research methodology I will use a Deductive analysis where the data were collected by distributing questionnaire, interview and testing towards the people of Bangladesh Marketplace. In my dissertation, I will also focus comparison between Nokia and other band such as: LG, Sony Ericsson, and Samsung; on consumer purchasing behaviour. This proposal has some limitation and some incomplete information because I did not spend more time and more market survey in different segment towards consumer purchase behaviour on brand product Nokia. Finally, in my dissertation I will give more effective information and add consumer true feelings and give proper informat ion about their preferences, intention, about the product and Understanding their attitude, motivation.

Cool Hand Luke :: essays research papers

In Cool Hand Luke, the movie begins with the word, VIOLATION, across the screen. The word is from a parking meter and sets the tone for the entire movie. Luke Jackson, the title character, is arrested for cutting off the heads of the town’s parking meters while drunk, or in legal terms, for destroying municipal property while under the influence of alcohol. When asked why he cut the heads off the parking meters, Luke answers, â€Å"You could say I was settling an old score.† While it leaves the viewers believing that he probably received a parking ticket at some time in the past, no clues are given to what the old score may have been. He is sentenced to two years in a road prison, in a chain gang. His punishment did not fit the crime, and today, such an act would probably result in time spent in community service rather than a hard labor prison gang. To further accentuate that his sentence is worse than his crime, Luke Jackson dies at the end of his story. Luke is a decorated veteran, yet left the military service just as he went in, as a Private. This indicates that he had authority problems while there. He received the Silver Star, Bronze Star and a couple of Purple Hearts and that indicates that he is brave and probably humanitarian, because the Silver Star is usually given in recognition of a life-saving deed of valor. That he was never promoted, or else promoted and consequently demoted, (the story does not elaborate on the details) indicates that his superiors, those who had the authority to promote him, did not react well to his achievements. For Luke, death represents ultimate freedom. There is no doubt that he believes in God, in that he talks to God several times throughout the movie, yet his conversations are always more like arguments than prayers. In one of the final scenes, the empty shell of a church represents Luke’s relationship with God, and even the emptiness in himself. Luke feels that God has never been there for him. He tells God just before the end of the story that God hasn’t ever dealt him a good hand. That military authorities considered him a hero, decorating him with medals, doesn’t make him a hero in his own eyes. Luke is a tortured soul, in that he tells God that he doesn’t deserve any good thing because he killed people in the war. Still, Luke is a free spirit, true to himself, with no regard for the rules and regulations of other human beings. The crime he is arrested for is not one of violence toward any person, it is

Grapes Of Wrath Biblical Allusions Essay -- John Steinbeck Bible Relig

John Steinbeck carefully molded his story The Grapes of Wrath to encompass many themes and ideas. He included several Biblical allusions to enforce his message of the migrating families coming together to form a community. Steinbeck alludes to Biblical characters through Jim Casy and Rose of Sharon, events like the family’s journey to California and the flood at the end of the novel, and teachings throughout the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Biblical allusions represented by the characters in the novel are most obvious in the characters of Jim Casy and Rose of Sharon. However, the Joad family is made up of twelve including Connie, much like the twelve disciples that followed Jesus. Connie represents the traitor, the Judas figure who had betrayed Jesus the night of his arrest when he walks out on his family for selfish reasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jim Casy is an allusion to Jesus Christ. They have the same initials and live their lives as examples of their beliefs; Jesus to the world and Casy to Tom. Casy even compares himself to Christ when he says, â€Å"I got tired like Him, an’ I got mixed up like Him, an’ I went into the wilderness like Him, without no campin’ stuff† (105). In the first half of the book Casy is thinking and forming his ideas. He changes from a thinker to a man of action when he sacrifices himself for Tom. When in prison Casy sees the advantage of organizing people to achieve a common goal. When Casy tried to put his ideas into action he, like Christ, aroused the antago...

Computer Viruses: What are They? Essay

Over the past few years, computer viruses has gotten a lot of press attention. According to Levin, There has been quite an outbreak over the last decade and number of viruses grow by the minute. (Levin 5) FExperts estimated that the Mydoom worm infected approximately a two hundred and fifty thousand workstations in January, 2004. Back in March 1999, the infamouse Melissa virus forced Microsoft and a number of very large companies to completely turn off their email systems. The ILOVEYOU virus in 2000 had a similarly devastating effect. Quite surprising, seeming that both the Melissa and the ILOVEYOU viruses are considered by professionals as incredibly simple. (HowStuffWorks) Unfortunately, a lot of material have been sensationalized, and garbled such as reports that every computer in Seattle has a virus. (Fites Johnston, Kratz 7) Many also mistakenly believe that computer viruses employ artificial intelligence or are electronic lifeforms. Another popular belief is that Viruses can operate even with the power turned off. Levin 5) In reality, computer viruses do not spread like the common cold. They are not intelligent; they do not hold personal grudges against you; and it is not very difficult to avoid most exposures. But there have been, and there are now, some pretty nasty viruses floating around people’s computers. (Fites, Johnston, Kratz 7-8) In a nutshell, computer Viruses are computer software programs, just as word processors, spreadsheets, database managers, and so on are also computer programs. This means that they are simply lists of instructions that tell computers what action to execute and precisely when to execute them. They are designed to operate in a manner diametrically opposed to virtually all legitimate software programs. (Levin 6-7) This basically means that they load and run without the user/victim’s request, and also without warning the user of possible devastating consequences to his computer. They hide inside programs called host programs and run when the hosts are run. They are designed to operate secretly so that their missions can be accomplished without, and not be compromised by, user input. (Levin 7) A virus is capable of many things some of which might corrupt, delete or even format your hard disk drive. The newer viruses use the email service to send copies of itself to all the contacts of the victim’s list. We assume a tripartite model of a virus structure; that is we assume up to three main component mechanisms. Infection refers to the way a virus spreads around. This is actually the only mechanism that is mandatory if the program is to be defined as viral; the two other mechanisms are both optional. Payload refers to what the virus does aside from replication. Lastly the trigger is the routine that decides whether now is the time to deliver the payload. Take note that we are viewing a simplified model of a virus, in some circumstances the dissemination of the viral program itself maybe described as the payload. If the virus is at all selective about the circumstance under which it will attempt to infect; then the infection also incorporates a trigger mechanism. (Harley, Slade, Gattiker 7) How then do these dreadful viruses spread around? A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer, for instance by a user sending it over a network or carrying it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, USB drive. Additionally, viruses can spread to other workstations by infecting files on a network or files that can be accessed by another user. (Wikipedia) With the advent of cheap broadband internet and e-mail connectivity, viruses these days also have found new ways to spread themselves with much more ease. Nowadays, viruses are most easily spread by attachments in e-mail messages or instant messaging messages. That is why it is essential that you never open e-mail attachments especially executables unless you are specifically expecting it. Viruses can be disguised as attachments of funny images, greeting cards, or audio and video files. Viruses also spread through downloads on the Internet. They can be hidden in downloadable software or other files or programs you might have access to. (Microsoft) Computer viruses on the media tend to grab our attention. On one hand, viruses show us how completely vulnerable we are. A properly engineered virus can have amazing and devastating effects on the Internet. On the other hand, they show how sophisticated and interconnected human beings have become. (HowStuffWorks) Bibliography â€Å"Computer Virus† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia August 2007 Wikipedia August 28, 2007 Marshall Brain â€Å"How Computer Viruses Work† How Stuff Works How Stuff Works August 27, 2007 Urs Gattiker, David Harley, and Robert Slade Viruses Revealed New York: McGraw Hill 1990 Philip Fites, Peter Johnston, and Martin Kratz The Computer Virus Crisis New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold 1992. Richard B. Levin The Computer Virus Handbook New York: McGraw Hill 1990 â€Å"What is a Computer Virus? † Microsoft. com October 23,2006 Microsoft Inc. August 27, 2007